export enum VowelHeight { Open, NearOpen, OpenMid, Mid, CloseMid, NearClose, Close, } export enum VowelDepth { Front, Central, Back, } export interface VowelFeatures { height: VowelHeight; depth: VowelDepth; round: boolean; long: boolean; nasal: boolean; } // convert a set of vowel features to an IPA representation export function vowelFeaturesToIpa(features: VowelFeatures): string { const ipa = () => { switch (features.height) { case VowelHeight.Open: switch (features.depth) { case VowelDepth.Front: return features.round ? 'ɶ' : 'a'; case VowelDepth.Central: return features.round ? 'ɞ' : 'ä'; case VowelDepth.Back: return features.round ? 'ɒ' : 'ɑ'; } case VowelHeight.NearOpen: switch (features.depth) { case VowelDepth.Front: return features.round ? 'ɶ' : 'æ'; case VowelDepth.Central: return features.round ? 'ɞ' : 'ɐ'; case VowelDepth.Back: return features.round ? 'ɒ' : 'ɑ'; } case VowelHeight.OpenMid: switch (features.depth) { case VowelDepth.Front: return features.round ? 'œ' : 'ɛ'; case VowelDepth.Central: return features.round ? 'ɞ' : 'ɜ'; case VowelDepth.Back: return features.round ? 'ɒ' : 'ɑ'; } case VowelHeight.Mid: switch (features.depth) { case VowelDepth.Front: return features.round ? 'ø̞' : 'e̞'; case VowelDepth.Central: return features.round ? 'ɵ' : 'ə'; case VowelDepth.Back: return features.round ? 'o̞' : 'ɤ̞'; } case VowelHeight.CloseMid: switch (features.depth) { case VowelDepth.Front: return features.round ? 'ø' : 'e'; case VowelDepth.Central: return features.round ? 'ɵ' : 'ɘ'; case VowelDepth.Back: return features.round ? 'o' : 'ɤ'; } case VowelHeight.NearClose: switch (features.depth) { case VowelDepth.Front: return features.round ? 'ʏ' : 'ɪ'; case VowelDepth.Central: return features.round ? 'ʉ' : 'ɨ'; case VowelDepth.Back: return features.round ? 'u' : 'ʊ'; } case VowelHeight.Close: switch (features.depth) { case VowelDepth.Front: return features.round ? 'y' : 'i'; case VowelDepth.Central: return features.round ? 'ʉ' : 'ɨ'; case VowelDepth.Back: return features.round ? 'u' : 'ɯ'; } default: throw new Error(`bad vowel height: ${features.height}`); } }; const nasal = features.nasal ? '̃' : ''; const vlong = features.long ? 'ː' : ''; return ipa() + nasal + vlong; } export enum ConsonantPlace { Bilabial, Labiodental, Linguolabial, Dental, Alveolar, Postalveolar, Retroflex, Palatal, Velar, Uvular, Pharyngeal, Glottal, } export enum ConsonantManner { Nasal, Plosive, SibilantAffricate, NonSibilantAffricate, SibilantFricative, NonSibilantFricative, Approximant, Tap, Trill, LateralAffricate, LateralFricative, LateralApproximant, LateralTap, } export interface ConsonantFeatures { place: ConsonantPlace; manner: ConsonantManner; voice: boolean; } export function consonantFeaturesToIpa(features: ConsonantFeatures): string { switch (features.place) { case ConsonantPlace.Bilabial: switch (features.manner) { case ConsonantManner.Nasal: return features.voice ? 'm' : 'm̥'; case ConsonantManner.Plosive: return features.voice ? 'b' : 'p'; case ConsonantManner.SibilantAffricate: return ''; case ConsonantManner.NonSibilantAffricate: return features.voice ? 'bβ' : 'pɸ'; case ConsonantManner.SibilantFricative: return ''; case ConsonantManner.NonSibilantFricative: return features.voice ? 'β' : 'ɸ'; case ConsonantManner.Approximant: return features.voice ? 'β̞' : ''; case ConsonantManner.Tap: return features.voice ? 'ⱱ̟' : ''; case ConsonantManner.Trill: return features.voice ? 'ʙ' : 'ʙ̥'; case ConsonantManner.LateralAffricate: case ConsonantManner.LateralFricative: case ConsonantManner.LateralApproximant: case ConsonantManner.LateralTap: return ''; } case ConsonantPlace.Labiodental: switch (features.manner) { case ConsonantManner.Nasal: return features.voice ? 'ɱ' : 'ɱ̊'; case ConsonantManner.Plosive: return features.voice ? 'b̪' : 'p̪'; case ConsonantManner.SibilantAffricate: return ''; case ConsonantManner.NonSibilantAffricate: return features.voice ? 'b̪v' : 'p̪f'; case ConsonantManner.SibilantFricative: return ''; case ConsonantManner.NonSibilantFricative: return features.voice ? 'v' : 'f'; case ConsonantManner.Approximant: return features.voice ? 'ʋ' : ''; case ConsonantManner.Tap: return features.voice ? 'ⱱ' : ''; case ConsonantManner.Trill: case ConsonantManner.LateralAffricate: case ConsonantManner.LateralFricative: case ConsonantManner.LateralApproximant: case ConsonantManner.LateralTap: return ''; } case ConsonantPlace.Linguolabial: switch (features.manner) { case ConsonantManner.Nasal: return features.voice ? 'n̼' : ''; case ConsonantManner.Plosive: return features.voice ? 'd̼' : 't̼'; case ConsonantManner.SibilantAffricate: case ConsonantManner.NonSibilantAffricate: case ConsonantManner.SibilantFricative: return ''; case ConsonantManner.NonSibilantFricative: return features.voice ? 'ð̼' : 'θ̼'; case ConsonantManner.Approximant: return ''; case ConsonantManner.Tap: return features.voice ? 'ɾ̼' : ''; case ConsonantManner.Trill: case ConsonantManner.LateralAffricate: case ConsonantManner.LateralFricative: case ConsonantManner.LateralApproximant: case ConsonantManner.LateralTap: return ''; } case ConsonantPlace.Dental: switch (features.manner) { case ConsonantManner.Nasal: return features.voice ? 'n' : 'n̥'; case ConsonantManner.Plosive: return features.voice ? 'd̪' : 't̪'; case ConsonantManner.SibilantAffricate: return features.voice ? 'd̪z̪' : 't̪s̪'; case ConsonantManner.NonSibilantAffricate: return features.voice ? 'd̪ð' : 't̪θ'; case ConsonantManner.SibilantFricative: return features.voice ? 'z' : 's'; case ConsonantManner.NonSibilantFricative: return features.voice ? 'ð' : 'θ'; case ConsonantManner.Approximant: return features.voice ? 'ð̞' : ''; case ConsonantManner.Tap: return features.voice ? 'ɾ' : 'ɾ̥'; case ConsonantManner.Trill: return features.voice ? 'r' : 'r̥'; case ConsonantManner.LateralAffricate: return features.voice ? 'dɮ' : 'tɬ'; case ConsonantManner.LateralFricative: return features.voice ? 'ɮ' : 'ɬ'; case ConsonantManner.LateralApproximant: return features.voice ? 'l̪' : ''; case ConsonantManner.LateralTap: return features.voice ? 'ɺ' : 'ɺ̥'; } case ConsonantPlace.Alveolar: switch (features.manner) { case ConsonantManner.Nasal: return features.voice ? 'n' : 'n̥'; case ConsonantManner.Plosive: return features.voice ? 'd' : 't'; case ConsonantManner.SibilantAffricate: return features.voice ? 'dz' : 'ts'; case ConsonantManner.NonSibilantAffricate: return features.voice ? 'dɹ̝' : 'tɹ̝̊'; case ConsonantManner.SibilantFricative: return features.voice ? 'z' : 's'; case ConsonantManner.NonSibilantFricative: return features.voice ? 'ð̠' : 'θ̠'; case ConsonantManner.Approximant: return features.voice ? 'ɹ' : ''; case ConsonantManner.Tap: return features.voice ? 'ɾ' : 'ɾ̥'; case ConsonantManner.Trill: return features.voice ? 'r' : 'r̥'; case ConsonantManner.LateralAffricate: return features.voice ? 'dɮ' : 'tɬ'; case ConsonantManner.LateralFricative: return features.voice ? 'ɮ' : 'ɬ'; case ConsonantManner.LateralApproximant: return features.voice ? 'l' : ''; case ConsonantManner.LateralTap: return features.voice ? 'ɺ' : 'ɺ̥'; } case ConsonantPlace.Postalveolar: switch (features.manner) { case ConsonantManner.Nasal: return features.voice ? 'n' : 'n̥'; case ConsonantManner.Plosive: return features.voice ? 'd' : 't'; case ConsonantManner.SibilantAffricate: return features.voice ? 'd̠ʒ' : 't̠ʃ'; case ConsonantManner.NonSibilantAffricate: return features.voice ? 'd̠ɹ̠˔' : 't̠ɹ̠̊˔'; case ConsonantManner.SibilantFricative: return features.voice ? 'ʒ' : 'ʃ'; case ConsonantManner.NonSibilantFricative: return features.voice ? 'ɹ̠˔' : 'ɹ̠̊˔'; case ConsonantManner.Approximant: return features.voice ? 'ɹ̠' : ''; case ConsonantManner.Tap: return features.voice ? 'r̠' : 'ɾ̥'; case ConsonantManner.Trill: return features.voice ? 'r' : 'r̥'; case ConsonantManner.LateralAffricate: return features.voice ? 'dɮ' : 'tɬ'; case ConsonantManner.LateralFricative: return features.voice ? 'ɮ' : 'ɬ'; case ConsonantManner.LateralApproximant: return features.voice ? 'l̠' : ''; case ConsonantManner.LateralTap: return features.voice ? 'ɺ' : 'ɺ̥'; } case ConsonantPlace.Retroflex: switch (features.manner) { case ConsonantManner.Nasal: return features.voice ? 'ɳ' : 'ɳ̊'; case ConsonantManner.Plosive: return features.voice ? 'ɖ' : 'ʈ'; case ConsonantManner.SibilantAffricate: return features.voice ? 'dʐ' : 'tʂ'; case ConsonantManner.NonSibilantAffricate: return ''; case ConsonantManner.SibilantFricative: return features.voice ? 'ʐ' : 'ʂ'; case ConsonantManner.NonSibilantFricative: return features.voice ? 'ɻ˔' : 'ɻ̊˔'; case ConsonantManner.Approximant: return features.voice ? 'ɻ' : ''; case ConsonantManner.Tap: return features.voice ? 'ɽ' : 'ɽ̊'; case ConsonantManner.Trill: return features.voice ? 'ɽr' : 'ɽ̊r̥'; case ConsonantManner.LateralAffricate: return features.voice ? 'd𝼅' : 'tꞎ'; case ConsonantManner.LateralFricative: return features.voice ? '𝼅' : 'ꞎ'; case ConsonantManner.LateralApproximant: return features.voice ? 'ɭ' : ''; case ConsonantManner.LateralTap: return features.voice ? '𝼈' : '𝼈̥'; } case ConsonantPlace.Palatal: switch (features.manner) { case ConsonantManner.Nasal: return features.voice ? 'ɲ' : 'ɲ̊'; case ConsonantManner.Plosive: return features.voice ? 'ɟ' : 'c'; case ConsonantManner.SibilantAffricate: return features.voice ? 'dʑ' : 'tɕ'; case ConsonantManner.NonSibilantAffricate: return features.voice ? 'ɟʝ' : 'cç'; case ConsonantManner.SibilantFricative: return features.voice ? 'ʑ' : 'ɕ'; case ConsonantManner.NonSibilantFricative: return features.voice ? 'ʝ' : 'ç'; case ConsonantManner.Approximant: return features.voice ? 'j' : ''; case ConsonantManner.Tap: case ConsonantManner.Trill: return ''; case ConsonantManner.LateralAffricate: return features.voice ? 'ɟʎ̝' : 'c𝼆'; case ConsonantManner.LateralFricative: return features.voice ? 'ʎ̝' : '𝼆'; case ConsonantManner.LateralApproximant: return features.voice ? 'ʎ' : ''; case ConsonantManner.LateralTap: return features.voice ? 'ʎ̆' : ''; } case ConsonantPlace.Velar: switch (features.manner) { case ConsonantManner.Nasal: return features.voice ? 'ŋ' : 'ŋ̊'; case ConsonantManner.Plosive: return features.voice ? 'g' : 'k'; case ConsonantManner.SibilantAffricate: return ''; case ConsonantManner.NonSibilantAffricate: return features.voice ? 'ɡɣ' : 'kx'; case ConsonantManner.SibilantFricative: return ''; case ConsonantManner.NonSibilantFricative: return features.voice ? 'ɣ' : 'x'; case ConsonantManner.Approximant: return features.voice ? 'ɰ' : ''; case ConsonantManner.Tap: case ConsonantManner.Trill: return ''; case ConsonantManner.LateralAffricate: return features.voice ? 'ɡʟ̝' : 'k𝼄'; case ConsonantManner.LateralFricative: return features.voice ? 'ʟ̝' : '𝼄'; case ConsonantManner.LateralApproximant: return features.voice ? 'ʟ' : ''; case ConsonantManner.LateralTap: return features.voice ? 'ʟ̆' : ''; } case ConsonantPlace.Uvular: switch (features.manner) { case ConsonantManner.Nasal: return features.voice ? 'ɴ' : 'ɴ̥'; case ConsonantManner.Plosive: return features.voice ? 'ɢ' : 'q'; case ConsonantManner.SibilantAffricate: return ''; case ConsonantManner.NonSibilantAffricate: return features.voice ? 'ɢʁ' : 'qχ'; case ConsonantManner.SibilantFricative: return ''; case ConsonantManner.NonSibilantFricative: return features.voice ? 'ʁ' : 'χ'; case ConsonantManner.Approximant: return features.voice ? 'ʁ̞' : ''; case ConsonantManner.Tap: return features.voice ? 'ɢ̆' : ''; case ConsonantManner.Trill: return features.voice ? 'ʀ' : 'ʀ̥'; case ConsonantManner.LateralAffricate: case ConsonantManner.LateralFricative: return ''; case ConsonantManner.LateralApproximant: return features.voice ? 'ʟ̠' : ''; case ConsonantManner.LateralTap: return ''; } case ConsonantPlace.Pharyngeal: switch (features.manner) { case ConsonantManner.Nasal: return ''; case ConsonantManner.Plosive: return features.voice ? '' : 'ʡ'; case ConsonantManner.SibilantAffricate: return ''; case ConsonantManner.NonSibilantAffricate: return features.voice ? 'ʡʢ' : 'ʡʜ'; case ConsonantManner.SibilantFricative: return ''; case ConsonantManner.NonSibilantFricative: return features.voice ? 'ʕ' : 'ħ'; case ConsonantManner.Approximant: return ''; case ConsonantManner.Tap: return features.voice ? 'ʡ̆' : ''; case ConsonantManner.Trill: return features.voice ? 'ʢ' : 'ʜ'; case ConsonantManner.LateralAffricate: case ConsonantManner.LateralFricative: case ConsonantManner.LateralApproximant: case ConsonantManner.LateralTap: return ''; } case ConsonantPlace.Glottal: switch (features.manner) { case ConsonantManner.Nasal: return ''; case ConsonantManner.Plosive: return features.voice ? '' : 'ʔ'; case ConsonantManner.SibilantAffricate: return ''; case ConsonantManner.NonSibilantAffricate: return features.voice ? '' : 'ʔh'; case ConsonantManner.SibilantFricative: return ''; case ConsonantManner.NonSibilantFricative: return features.voice ? 'ɦ' : 'h'; case ConsonantManner.Approximant: return features.voice ? 'ʔ̞' : ''; case ConsonantManner.Tap: case ConsonantManner.Trill: case ConsonantManner.LateralAffricate: case ConsonantManner.LateralFricative: case ConsonantManner.LateralApproximant: case ConsonantManner.LateralTap: return ''; } } }