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+/*
+ * The MIT License
+ *
+ * Copyright (C) 2010-2019 Alexander Saprykin <saprykin.spb@gmail.com>
+ *
+ * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining
+ * a copy of this software and associated documentation files (the
+ * 'Software'), to deal in the Software without restriction, including
+ * without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish,
+ * distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software, and to
+ * permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so, subject to
+ * the following conditions:
+ *
+ * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be
+ * included in all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+ *
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED 'AS IS', WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND,
+ * EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF
+ * MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT.
+ * IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY
+ * CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT,
+ * TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE
+ * SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
+ */
+
+/**
+ * @file puthread.h
+ * @brief Multithreading support
+ * @author Alexander Saprykin
+ *
+ * A thread is a system execution unit which is managed independently by the
+ * scheduler of the operating system. It allows to do things in parallel or
+ * concurrently.
+ *
+ * #PUThread provides a convinient way of multithreading support using native
+ * routines to provide the best performance on the target system.
+ *
+ * To create the thread use the p_uthread_create() or p_uthread_create_full()
+ * routines. Joinable threads allow to wait until their execution is finished
+ * before proceeding further. Thus you can synchronize threads' execution within
+ * the main thread.
+ *
+ * A reference counter mechanism is used to keep track of a #PUThread structure.
+ * It means that the structure will be freed automatically when the reference
+ * counter becomes zero. Use p_uthread_ref() to hold the structure and
+ * p_uthread_unref() to decrement the counter back. A running thread holds a
+ * reference to itself structure, so you do not require to hold a reference
+ * to the thread while it is running.
+ *
+ * Priorities (if supported) allow to tune scheduler behavior: threads with
+ * higher priority will be executed more frequently. Be careful that improper
+ * priorities may lead to negative effects when some threads may receive almost
+ * zero execution time.
+ *
+ * Thread priorities are unreliable: not all operating systems respect thread
+ * priorities in favour of process ones. Priorities may be ignored for bound
+ * threads (every thread bound to a kernel light-weight thread as 1:1), other
+ * systems may require administrative privileges to change the thread priority
+ * (i.e. Linux). Windows always respects thread priorities.
+ *
+ * To put the current thread (even if it was not created using the #PUThread
+ * routines) in a sleep state use p_uthread_sleep().
+ *
+ * You can give a hint to the scheduler that the current thread do not need an
+ * execution time with the p_uthread_yield() routine. This is useful when some
+ * of the threads are in an idle state so you do not want to waste a CPU time.
+ * This only tells to the scheduler to skip the current scheduling cycle for the
+ * calling thread, though the scheduler can ingnore it.
+ *
+ * A thread local storage (TLS) is provided. The TLS key's value can be accessed
+ * through a reference key defined as a #PUThreadKey. A TLS reference key is
+ * some sort of a token which has an associated value. But every thread has its
+ * own token value though using the same token object.
+ *
+ * After creating the TLS reference key every thread can use it to access a
+ * local-specific value. Use the p_uthread_local_new() call to create the TLS
+ * reference key and pass it to every thread which needs local-specific values.
+ * You can also provide a destroy notification function which would be called
+ * upon a TLS key removal which is usually performed on the thread exit.
+ *
+ * There are two calls to set a TLS key's value: p_uthread_set_local() and
+ * p_uthread_replace_local(). The only difference is that the former one calls
+ * the provided destroy notification function before replacing the old value.
+ *
+ * Thread names are used on most of operating systems for debugging purposes,
+ * thereby some limitations for long name can be applied and too long names
+ * will be truncated automatically.
+ */
+
+#if !defined (PLIBSYS_H_INSIDE) && !defined (PLIBSYS_COMPILATION)
+#  error "Header files shouldn't be included directly, consider using <plibsys.h> instead."
+#endif
+
+#ifndef PLIBSYS_HEADER_PUTHREAD_H
+#define PLIBSYS_HEADER_PUTHREAD_H
+
+#include <pmacros.h>
+#include <ptypes.h>
+
+P_BEGIN_DECLS
+
+/** Typedef for a #PUThread running method. */
+typedef ppointer (*PUThreadFunc) (ppointer arg);
+
+/** Thread opaque data type. */
+typedef struct PUThread_ PUThread;
+
+/** TLS key opaque data type. */
+typedef struct PUThreadKey_ PUThreadKey;
+
+/** Thread priority. */
+typedef enum PUThreadPriority_ {
+	P_UTHREAD_PRIORITY_INHERIT	= 0,	/**< Inherits the caller thread priority. Default priority.	*/
+	P_UTHREAD_PRIORITY_IDLE		= 1,	/**< Scheduled only when no other threads are running.		*/
+	P_UTHREAD_PRIORITY_LOWEST	= 2,	/**< Scheduled less often than #P_UTHREAD_PRIORITY_LOW.		*/
+	P_UTHREAD_PRIORITY_LOW		= 3,	/**< Scheduled less often than #P_UTHREAD_PRIORITY_NORMAL.	*/
+	P_UTHREAD_PRIORITY_NORMAL	= 4,	/**< Operating system's default priority.			*/
+	P_UTHREAD_PRIORITY_HIGH		= 5,	/**< Scheduled more often than #P_UTHREAD_PRIORITY_NORMAL.	*/
+	P_UTHREAD_PRIORITY_HIGHEST	= 6,	/**< Scheduled more often than #P_UTHREAD_PRIORITY_HIGH.	*/
+	P_UTHREAD_PRIORITY_TIMECRITICAL	= 7	/**< Scheduled as often as possible.				*/
+} PUThreadPriority;
+
+/**
+ * @brief Creates a new #PUThread and starts it.
+ * @param func Main thread function to run.
+ * @param data Pointer to pass into the thread main function, may be NULL.
+ * @param joinable Whether to create a joinable thread or not.
+ * @param prio Thread priority.
+ * @param stack_size Thread stack size, in bytes. Leave zero to use a default
+ * value.
+ * @param name Thread name, maybe NULL.
+ * @return Pointer to #PUThread in case of success, NULL otherwise.
+ * @since 0.0.1
+ * @note Unreference the returned value after use with p_uthread_unref(). You do
+ * not need to call p_uthread_ref() explicitly on the returned value.
+ */
+P_LIB_API PUThread *	p_uthread_create_full	(PUThreadFunc		func,
+						 ppointer		data,
+						 pboolean		joinable,
+						 PUThreadPriority	prio,
+						 psize			stack_size,
+						 const pchar		*name);
+
+/**
+ * @brief Creates a #PUThread and starts it. A short version of
+ * p_uthread_create_full().
+ * @param func Main thread function to run.
+ * @param data Pointer to pass into the thread main function, may be NULL.
+ * @param joinable Whether to create a joinable thread or not.
+ * @param name Thread name, maybe NULL.
+ * @return Pointer to #PUThread in case of success, NULL otherwise.
+ * @since 0.0.1
+ * @note Unreference the returned value after use with p_uthread_unref(). You do
+ * not need to call p_uthread_ref() explicitly on the returned value.
+ */
+P_LIB_API PUThread *	p_uthread_create	(PUThreadFunc		func,
+						 ppointer		data,
+						 pboolean		joinable,
+						 const pchar		*name);
+
+/**
+ * @brief Exits from the currently running (caller) thread.
+ * @param code Exit code.
+ * @since 0.0.1
+ */
+P_LIB_API void		p_uthread_exit		(pint			code);
+
+/**
+ * @brief Waits for the selected thread to become finished.
+ * @param thread Thread to wait for.
+ * @return Thread exit code in case of success, -1 otherwise.
+ * @since 0.0.1
+ * @note Thread must be joinable to return the non-negative result.
+ */
+P_LIB_API pint		p_uthread_join		(PUThread		*thread);
+
+/**
+ * @brief Sleeps the current thread (caller) for a specified amount of time.
+ * @param msec Milliseconds to sleep.
+ * @return 0 in case of success, -1 otherwise.
+ * @since 0.0.1
+ */
+P_LIB_API pint		p_uthread_sleep		(puint32		msec);
+
+/**
+ * @brief Sets a thread priority.
+ * @param thread Thread to set the priority for.
+ * @param prio Priority to set.
+ * @return TRUE in case of success, FALSE otherwise.
+ * @since 0.0.1
+ */
+P_LIB_API pboolean	p_uthread_set_priority	(PUThread		*thread,
+						 PUThreadPriority	prio);
+
+/**
+ * @brief Tells the scheduler to skip the current (caller) thread in the current
+ * planning stage.
+ * @since 0.0.1
+ *
+ * The scheduler shouldn't give time ticks for the current thread during the
+ * current period, but it may ignore this call.
+ */
+P_LIB_API void		p_uthread_yield		(void);
+
+/**
+ * @brief Gets an ID of the current (caller) thread.
+ * @return The ID of the current thread.
+ * @since 0.0.1
+ *
+ * This is a platform-dependent type. You shouldn't treat it as a number, it
+ * only gives you the uniquer ID of the thread accross the system.
+ */
+P_LIB_API P_HANDLE	p_uthread_current_id	(void);
+
+/**
+ * @brief Gets a thread structure of the current (caller) thread.
+ * @return The thread structure of the current thread.
+ * @since 0.0.1
+ * @note This call doesn't not increment the reference counter of the returned
+ * structure.
+ *
+ * A thread structure will be returned even for the thread which was created
+ * outside the library. But you should not use thread manipulation routines over
+ * that structure.
+ */
+P_LIB_API PUThread *	p_uthread_current	(void);
+
+/**
+ * @brief Gets the ideal number of threads for the system based on the number of
+ * avaialble CPUs and cores (physical and logical).
+ * @return Ideal number of threads, 1 in case of failed detection.
+ * @since 0.0.3
+ */
+P_LIB_API pint		p_uthread_ideal_count	(void);
+
+/**
+ * @brief Increments a thread reference counter
+ * @param thread #PUThread to increment the reference counter.
+ * @since 0.0.1
+ * @note The #PUThread object will not be removed until the reference counter is
+ * positive.
+ */
+P_LIB_API void		p_uthread_ref		(PUThread		*thread);
+
+/**
+ * @brief Decrements a thread reference counter
+ * @param thread #PUThread to decrement the reference counter.
+ * @since 0.0.1
+ * @note When the reference counter becomes zero the #PUThread is removed from
+ * the memory.
+ */
+P_LIB_API void		p_uthread_unref		(PUThread		*thread);
+
+/**
+ * @brief Create a new TLS reference key.
+ * @param free_func TLS key destroy notification call, leave NULL if not need.
+ * @return New TLS reference key in case of success, NULL otherwise.
+ * @since 0.0.1
+ */
+P_LIB_API PUThreadKey *	p_uthread_local_new	(PDestroyFunc		free_func);
+
+/**
+ * @brief Frees a TLS reference key.
+ * @param key TLS reference key to free.
+ * @since 0.0.1
+ *
+ * It doesn't remove the TLS key itself but only removes a reference used to
+ * access the TLS slot.
+ */
+P_LIB_API void		p_uthread_local_free	(PUThreadKey		*key);
+
+/**
+ * @brief Gets a TLS value.
+ * @param key TLS reference key to get the value for.
+ * @return TLS value for the given key.
+ * @since 0.0.1
+ * @note This call may fail only in case of abnormal use or program behavior,
+ * the NULL value will be returned to tolerance the failure.
+ */
+P_LIB_API ppointer	p_uthread_get_local	(PUThreadKey		*key);
+
+/**
+ * @brief Sets a TLS value.
+ * @param key TLS reference key to set the value for.
+ * @param value TLS value to set.
+ * @since 0.0.1
+ * @note This call may fail only in case of abnormal use or program behavior.
+ *
+ * It doesn't call the destructor notification function provided with
+ * p_uthread_local_new().
+ */
+P_LIB_API void		p_uthread_set_local	(PUThreadKey		*key,
+						 ppointer		value);
+
+/**
+ * @brief Replaces a TLS value.
+ * @param key TLS reference key to replace the value for.
+ * @param value TLS value to set.
+ * @since 0.0.1
+ * @note This call may fail only in case of abnormal use or program behavior.
+ *
+ * This call does perform the notification function provided with
+ * p_uthread_local_new() on the old TLS value. This is the only difference with
+ * p_uthread_set_local().
+ */
+P_LIB_API void		p_uthread_replace_local	(PUThreadKey		*key,
+						 ppointer		value);
+
+P_END_DECLS
+
+#endif /* PLIBSYS_HEADER_PUTHREAD_H */