build & link with luajit instead of lua5.1

1 files changed, 1927 insertions, 0 deletions

diff --git a/libs/luajit-cmake/luajit/src/lj_cparse.c b/libs/luajit-cmake/luajit/src/lj_cparse.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..7fd8399
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libs/luajit-cmake/luajit/src/lj_cparse.c
@@ -0,0 +1,1927 @@
+/*
+** C declaration parser.
+** Copyright (C) 2005-2022 Mike Pall. See Copyright Notice in luajit.h
+*/
+
+#include "lj_obj.h"
+
+#if LJ_HASFFI
+
+#include "lj_gc.h"
+#include "lj_err.h"
+#include "lj_buf.h"
+#include "lj_ctype.h"
+#include "lj_cparse.h"
+#include "lj_frame.h"
+#include "lj_vm.h"
+#include "lj_char.h"
+#include "lj_strscan.h"
+#include "lj_strfmt.h"
+
+/*
+** Important note: this is NOT a validating C parser! This is a minimal
+** C declaration parser, solely for use by the LuaJIT FFI.
+**
+** It ought to return correct results for properly formed C declarations,
+** but it may accept some invalid declarations, too (and return nonsense).
+** Also, it shows rather generic error messages to avoid unnecessary bloat.
+** If in doubt, please check the input against your favorite C compiler.
+*/
+
+#ifdef LUA_USE_ASSERT
+#define lj_assertCP(c, ...)	(lj_assertG_(G(cp->L), (c), __VA_ARGS__))
+#else
+#define lj_assertCP(c, ...)	((void)cp)
+#endif
+
+/* -- Miscellaneous ------------------------------------------------------- */
+
+/* Match string against a C literal. */
+#define cp_str_is(str, k) \
+  ((str)->len == sizeof(k)-1 && !memcmp(strdata(str), k, sizeof(k)-1))
+
+/* Check string against a linear list of matches. */
+int lj_cparse_case(GCstr *str, const char *match)
+{
+  MSize len;
+  int n;
+  for  (n = 0; (len = (MSize)*match++); n++, match += len) {
+    if (str->len == len && !memcmp(match, strdata(str), len))
+      return n;
+  }
+  return -1;
+}
+
+/* -- C lexer ------------------------------------------------------------- */
+
+/* C lexer token names. */
+static const char *const ctoknames[] = {
+#define CTOKSTR(name, str)	str,
+CTOKDEF(CTOKSTR)
+#undef CTOKSTR
+  NULL
+};
+
+/* Forward declaration. */
+LJ_NORET static void cp_err(CPState *cp, ErrMsg em);
+
+static const char *cp_tok2str(CPState *cp, CPToken tok)
+{
+  lj_assertCP(tok < CTOK_FIRSTDECL, "bad CPToken %d", tok);
+  if (tok > CTOK_OFS)
+    return ctoknames[tok-CTOK_OFS-1];
+  else if (!lj_char_iscntrl(tok))
+    return lj_strfmt_pushf(cp->L, "%c", tok);
+  else
+    return lj_strfmt_pushf(cp->L, "char(%d)", tok);
+}
+
+/* End-of-line? */
+static LJ_AINLINE int cp_iseol(CPChar c)
+{
+  return (c == '\n' || c == '\r');
+}
+
+/* Peek next raw character. */
+static LJ_AINLINE CPChar cp_rawpeek(CPState *cp)
+{
+  return (CPChar)(uint8_t)(*cp->p);
+}
+
+static LJ_NOINLINE CPChar cp_get_bs(CPState *cp);
+
+/* Get next character. */
+static LJ_AINLINE CPChar cp_get(CPState *cp)
+{
+  cp->c = (CPChar)(uint8_t)(*cp->p++);
+  if (LJ_LIKELY(cp->c != '\\')) return cp->c;
+  return cp_get_bs(cp);
+}
+
+/* Transparently skip backslash-escaped line breaks. */
+static LJ_NOINLINE CPChar cp_get_bs(CPState *cp)
+{
+  CPChar c2, c = cp_rawpeek(cp);
+  if (!cp_iseol(c)) return cp->c;
+  cp->p++;
+  c2 = cp_rawpeek(cp);
+  if (cp_iseol(c2) && c2 != c) cp->p++;
+  cp->linenumber++;
+  return cp_get(cp);
+}
+
+/* Save character in buffer. */
+static LJ_AINLINE void cp_save(CPState *cp, CPChar c)
+{
+  lj_buf_putb(&cp->sb, c);
+}
+
+/* Skip line break. Handles "\n", "\r", "\r\n" or "\n\r". */
+static void cp_newline(CPState *cp)
+{
+  CPChar c = cp_rawpeek(cp);
+  if (cp_iseol(c) && c != cp->c) cp->p++;
+  cp->linenumber++;
+}
+
+LJ_NORET static void cp_errmsg(CPState *cp, CPToken tok, ErrMsg em, ...)
+{
+  const char *msg, *tokstr;
+  lua_State *L;
+  va_list argp;
+  if (tok == 0) {
+    tokstr = NULL;
+  } else if (tok == CTOK_IDENT || tok == CTOK_INTEGER || tok == CTOK_STRING ||
+	     tok >= CTOK_FIRSTDECL) {
+    if (cp->sb.w == cp->sb.b) cp_save(cp, '$');
+    cp_save(cp, '\0');
+    tokstr = cp->sb.b;
+  } else {
+    tokstr = cp_tok2str(cp, tok);
+  }
+  L = cp->L;
+  va_start(argp, em);
+  msg = lj_strfmt_pushvf(L, err2msg(em), argp);
+  va_end(argp);
+  if (tokstr)
+    msg = lj_strfmt_pushf(L, err2msg(LJ_ERR_XNEAR), msg, tokstr);
+  if (cp->linenumber > 1)
+    msg = lj_strfmt_pushf(L, "%s at line %d", msg, cp->linenumber);
+  lj_err_callermsg(L, msg);
+}
+
+LJ_NORET LJ_NOINLINE static void cp_err_token(CPState *cp, CPToken tok)
+{
+  cp_errmsg(cp, cp->tok, LJ_ERR_XTOKEN, cp_tok2str(cp, tok));
+}
+
+LJ_NORET LJ_NOINLINE static void cp_err_badidx(CPState *cp, CType *ct)
+{
+  GCstr *s = lj_ctype_repr(cp->cts->L, ctype_typeid(cp->cts, ct), NULL);
+  cp_errmsg(cp, 0, LJ_ERR_FFI_BADIDX, strdata(s));
+}
+
+LJ_NORET LJ_NOINLINE static void cp_err(CPState *cp, ErrMsg em)
+{
+  cp_errmsg(cp, 0, em);
+}
+
+/* -- Main lexical scanner ------------------------------------------------ */
+
+/* Parse number literal. Only handles int32_t/uint32_t right now. */
+static CPToken cp_number(CPState *cp)
+{
+  StrScanFmt fmt;
+  TValue o;
+  do { cp_save(cp, cp->c); } while (lj_char_isident(cp_get(cp)));
+  cp_save(cp, '\0');
+  fmt = lj_strscan_scan((const uint8_t *)(cp->sb.b), sbuflen(&cp->sb)-1,
+			&o, STRSCAN_OPT_C);
+  if (fmt == STRSCAN_INT) cp->val.id = CTID_INT32;
+  else if (fmt == STRSCAN_U32) cp->val.id = CTID_UINT32;
+  else if (!(cp->mode & CPARSE_MODE_SKIP))
+    cp_errmsg(cp, CTOK_INTEGER, LJ_ERR_XNUMBER);
+  cp->val.u32 = (uint32_t)o.i;
+  return CTOK_INTEGER;
+}
+
+/* Parse identifier or keyword. */
+static CPToken cp_ident(CPState *cp)
+{
+  do { cp_save(cp, cp->c); } while (lj_char_isident(cp_get(cp)));
+  cp->str = lj_buf_str(cp->L, &cp->sb);
+  cp->val.id = lj_ctype_getname(cp->cts, &cp->ct, cp->str, cp->tmask);
+  if (ctype_type(cp->ct->info) == CT_KW)
+    return ctype_cid(cp->ct->info);
+  return CTOK_IDENT;
+}
+
+/* Parse parameter. */
+static CPToken cp_param(CPState *cp)
+{
+  CPChar c = cp_get(cp);
+  TValue *o = cp->param;
+  if (lj_char_isident(c) || c == '$')  /* Reserve $xyz for future extensions. */
+    cp_errmsg(cp, c, LJ_ERR_XSYNTAX);
+  if (!o || o >= cp->L->top)
+    cp_err(cp, LJ_ERR_FFI_NUMPARAM);
+  cp->param = o+1;
+  if (tvisstr(o)) {
+    cp->str = strV(o);
+    cp->val.id = 0;
+    cp->ct = &cp->cts->tab[0];
+    return CTOK_IDENT;
+  } else if (tvisnumber(o)) {
+    cp->val.i32 = numberVint(o);
+    cp->val.id = CTID_INT32;
+    return CTOK_INTEGER;
+  } else {
+    GCcdata *cd;
+    if (!tviscdata(o))
+      lj_err_argtype(cp->L, (int)(o-cp->L->base)+1, "type parameter");
+    cd = cdataV(o);
+    if (cd->ctypeid == CTID_CTYPEID)
+      cp->val.id = *(CTypeID *)cdataptr(cd);
+    else
+      cp->val.id = cd->ctypeid;
+    return '$';
+  }
+}
+
+/* Parse string or character constant. */
+static CPToken cp_string(CPState *cp)
+{
+  CPChar delim = cp->c;
+  cp_get(cp);
+  while (cp->c != delim) {
+    CPChar c = cp->c;
+    if (c == '\0') cp_errmsg(cp, CTOK_EOF, LJ_ERR_XSTR);
+    if (c == '\\') {
+      c = cp_get(cp);
+      switch (c) {
+      case '\0': cp_errmsg(cp, CTOK_EOF, LJ_ERR_XSTR); break;
+      case 'a': c = '\a'; break;
+      case 'b': c = '\b'; break;
+      case 'f': c = '\f'; break;
+      case 'n': c = '\n'; break;
+      case 'r': c = '\r'; break;
+      case 't': c = '\t'; break;
+      case 'v': c = '\v'; break;
+      case 'e': c = 27; break;
+      case 'x':
+	c = 0;
+	while (lj_char_isxdigit(cp_get(cp)))
+	  c = (c<<4) + (lj_char_isdigit(cp->c) ? cp->c-'0' : (cp->c&15)+9);
+	cp_save(cp, (c & 0xff));
+	continue;
+      default:
+	if (lj_char_isdigit(c)) {
+	  c -= '0';
+	  if (lj_char_isdigit(cp_get(cp))) {
+	    c = c*8 + (cp->c - '0');
+	    if (lj_char_isdigit(cp_get(cp))) {
+	      c = c*8 + (cp->c - '0');
+	      cp_get(cp);
+	    }
+	  }
+	  cp_save(cp, (c & 0xff));
+	  continue;
+	}
+	break;
+      }
+    }
+    cp_save(cp, c);
+    cp_get(cp);
+  }
+  cp_get(cp);
+  if (delim == '"') {
+    cp->str = lj_buf_str(cp->L, &cp->sb);
+    return CTOK_STRING;
+  } else {
+    if (sbuflen(&cp->sb) != 1) cp_err_token(cp, '\'');
+    cp->val.i32 = (int32_t)(char)*cp->sb.b;
+    cp->val.id = CTID_INT32;
+    return CTOK_INTEGER;
+  }
+}
+
+/* Skip C comment. */
+static void cp_comment_c(CPState *cp)
+{
+  do {
+    if (cp_get(cp) == '*') {
+      do {
+	if (cp_get(cp) == '/') { cp_get(cp); return; }
+      } while (cp->c == '*');
+    }
+    if (cp_iseol(cp->c)) cp_newline(cp);
+  } while (cp->c != '\0');
+}
+
+/* Skip C++ comment. */
+static void cp_comment_cpp(CPState *cp)
+{
+  while (!cp_iseol(cp_get(cp)) && cp->c != '\0')
+    ;
+}
+
+/* Lexical scanner for C. Only a minimal subset is implemented. */
+static CPToken cp_next_(CPState *cp)
+{
+  lj_buf_reset(&cp->sb);
+  for (;;) {
+    if (lj_char_isident(cp->c))
+      return lj_char_isdigit(cp->c) ? cp_number(cp) : cp_ident(cp);
+    switch (cp->c) {
+    case '\n': case '\r': cp_newline(cp);  /* fallthrough. */
+    case ' ': case '\t': case '\v': case '\f': cp_get(cp); break;
+    case '"': case '\'': return cp_string(cp);
+    case '/':
+      if (cp_get(cp) == '*') cp_comment_c(cp);
+      else if (cp->c == '/') cp_comment_cpp(cp);
+      else return '/';
+      break;
+    case '|':
+      if (cp_get(cp) != '|') return '|';
+      cp_get(cp); return CTOK_OROR;
+    case '&':
+      if (cp_get(cp) != '&') return '&';
+      cp_get(cp); return CTOK_ANDAND;
+    case '=':
+      if (cp_get(cp) != '=') return '=';
+      cp_get(cp); return CTOK_EQ;
+    case '!':
+      if (cp_get(cp) != '=') return '!';
+      cp_get(cp); return CTOK_NE;
+    case '<':
+      if (cp_get(cp) == '=') { cp_get(cp); return CTOK_LE; }
+      else if (cp->c == '<') { cp_get(cp); return CTOK_SHL; }
+      return '<';
+    case '>':
+      if (cp_get(cp) == '=') { cp_get(cp); return CTOK_GE; }
+      else if (cp->c == '>') { cp_get(cp); return CTOK_SHR; }
+      return '>';
+    case '-':
+      if (cp_get(cp) != '>') return '-';
+      cp_get(cp); return CTOK_DEREF;
+    case '$':
+      return cp_param(cp);
+    case '\0': return CTOK_EOF;
+    default: { CPToken c = cp->c; cp_get(cp); return c; }
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+static LJ_NOINLINE CPToken cp_next(CPState *cp)
+{
+  return (cp->tok = cp_next_(cp));
+}
+
+/* -- C parser ------------------------------------------------------------ */
+
+/* Namespaces for resolving identifiers. */
+#define CPNS_DEFAULT \
+  ((1u<<CT_KW)|(1u<<CT_TYPEDEF)|(1u<<CT_FUNC)|(1u<<CT_EXTERN)|(1u<<CT_CONSTVAL))
+#define CPNS_STRUCT	((1u<<CT_KW)|(1u<<CT_STRUCT)|(1u<<CT_ENUM))
+
+typedef CTypeID CPDeclIdx;	/* Index into declaration stack. */
+typedef uint32_t CPscl;		/* Storage class flags. */
+
+/* Type declaration context. */
+typedef struct CPDecl {
+  CPDeclIdx top;	/* Top of declaration stack. */
+  CPDeclIdx pos;	/* Insertion position in declaration chain. */
+  CPDeclIdx specpos;	/* Saved position for declaration specifier. */
+  uint32_t mode;	/* Declarator mode. */
+  CPState *cp;		/* C parser state. */
+  GCstr *name;		/* Name of declared identifier (if direct). */
+  GCstr *redir;		/* Redirected symbol name. */
+  CTypeID nameid;	/* Existing typedef for declared identifier. */
+  CTInfo attr;		/* Attributes. */
+  CTInfo fattr;		/* Function attributes. */
+  CTInfo specattr;	/* Saved attributes. */
+  CTInfo specfattr;	/* Saved function attributes. */
+  CTSize bits;		/* Field size in bits (if any). */
+  CType stack[CPARSE_MAX_DECLSTACK];  /* Type declaration stack. */
+} CPDecl;
+
+/* Forward declarations. */
+static CPscl cp_decl_spec(CPState *cp, CPDecl *decl, CPscl scl);
+static void cp_declarator(CPState *cp, CPDecl *decl);
+static CTypeID cp_decl_abstract(CPState *cp);
+
+/* Initialize C parser state. Caller must set up: L, p, srcname, mode. */
+static void cp_init(CPState *cp)
+{
+  cp->linenumber = 1;
+  cp->depth = 0;
+  cp->curpack = 0;
+  cp->packstack[0] = 255;
+  lj_buf_init(cp->L, &cp->sb);
+  lj_assertCP(cp->p != NULL, "uninitialized cp->p");
+  cp_get(cp);  /* Read-ahead first char. */
+  cp->tok = 0;
+  cp->tmask = CPNS_DEFAULT;
+  cp_next(cp);  /* Read-ahead first token. */
+}
+
+/* Cleanup C parser state. */
+static void cp_cleanup(CPState *cp)
+{
+  global_State *g = G(cp->L);
+  lj_buf_free(g, &cp->sb);
+}
+
+/* Check and consume optional token. */
+static int cp_opt(CPState *cp, CPToken tok)
+{
+  if (cp->tok == tok) { cp_next(cp); return 1; }
+  return 0;
+}
+
+/* Check and consume token. */
+static void cp_check(CPState *cp, CPToken tok)
+{
+  if (cp->tok != tok) cp_err_token(cp, tok);
+  cp_next(cp);
+}
+
+/* Check if the next token may start a type declaration. */
+static int cp_istypedecl(CPState *cp)
+{
+  if (cp->tok >= CTOK_FIRSTDECL && cp->tok <= CTOK_LASTDECL) return 1;
+  if (cp->tok == CTOK_IDENT && ctype_istypedef(cp->ct->info)) return 1;
+  if (cp->tok == '$') return 1;
+  return 0;
+}
+
+/* -- Constant expression evaluator --------------------------------------- */
+
+/* Forward declarations. */
+static void cp_expr_unary(CPState *cp, CPValue *k);
+static void cp_expr_sub(CPState *cp, CPValue *k, int pri);
+
+/* Please note that type handling is very weak here. Most ops simply
+** assume integer operands. Accessors are only needed to compute types and
+** return synthetic values. The only purpose of the expression evaluator
+** is to compute the values of constant expressions one would typically
+** find in C header files. And again: this is NOT a validating C parser!
+*/
+
+/* Parse comma separated expression and return last result. */
+static void cp_expr_comma(CPState *cp, CPValue *k)
+{
+  do { cp_expr_sub(cp, k, 0); } while (cp_opt(cp, ','));
+}
+
+/* Parse sizeof/alignof operator. */
+static void cp_expr_sizeof(CPState *cp, CPValue *k, int wantsz)
+{
+  CTSize sz;
+  CTInfo info;
+  if (cp_opt(cp, '(')) {
+    if (cp_istypedecl(cp))
+      k->id = cp_decl_abstract(cp);
+    else
+      cp_expr_comma(cp, k);
+    cp_check(cp, ')');
+  } else {
+    cp_expr_unary(cp, k);
+  }
+  info = lj_ctype_info_raw(cp->cts, k->id, &sz);
+  if (wantsz) {
+    if (sz != CTSIZE_INVALID)
+      k->u32 = sz;
+    else if (k->id != CTID_A_CCHAR)  /* Special case for sizeof("string"). */
+      cp_err(cp, LJ_ERR_FFI_INVSIZE);
+  } else {
+    k->u32 = 1u << ctype_align(info);
+  }
+  k->id = CTID_UINT32;  /* Really size_t. */
+}
+
+/* Parse prefix operators. */
+static void cp_expr_prefix(CPState *cp, CPValue *k)
+{
+  if (cp->tok == CTOK_INTEGER) {
+    *k = cp->val; cp_next(cp);
+  } else if (cp_opt(cp, '+')) {
+    cp_expr_unary(cp, k);  /* Nothing to do (well, integer promotion). */
+  } else if (cp_opt(cp, '-')) {
+    cp_expr_unary(cp, k); k->i32 = -k->i32;
+  } else if (cp_opt(cp, '~')) {
+    cp_expr_unary(cp, k); k->i32 = ~k->i32;
+  } else if (cp_opt(cp, '!')) {
+    cp_expr_unary(cp, k); k->i32 = !k->i32; k->id = CTID_INT32;
+  } else if (cp_opt(cp, '(')) {
+    if (cp_istypedecl(cp)) {  /* Cast operator. */
+      CTypeID id = cp_decl_abstract(cp);
+      cp_check(cp, ')');
+      cp_expr_unary(cp, k);
+      k->id = id;  /* No conversion performed. */
+    } else {  /* Sub-expression. */
+      cp_expr_comma(cp, k);
+      cp_check(cp, ')');
+    }
+  } else if (cp_opt(cp, '*')) {  /* Indirection. */
+    CType *ct;
+    cp_expr_unary(cp, k);
+    ct = lj_ctype_rawref(cp->cts, k->id);
+    if (!ctype_ispointer(ct->info))
+      cp_err_badidx(cp, ct);
+    k->u32 = 0; k->id = ctype_cid(ct->info);
+  } else if (cp_opt(cp, '&')) {  /* Address operator. */
+    cp_expr_unary(cp, k);
+    k->id = lj_ctype_intern(cp->cts, CTINFO(CT_PTR, CTALIGN_PTR+k->id),
+			    CTSIZE_PTR);
+  } else if (cp_opt(cp, CTOK_SIZEOF)) {
+    cp_expr_sizeof(cp, k, 1);
+  } else if (cp_opt(cp, CTOK_ALIGNOF)) {
+    cp_expr_sizeof(cp, k, 0);
+  } else if (cp->tok == CTOK_IDENT) {
+    if (ctype_type(cp->ct->info) == CT_CONSTVAL) {
+      k->u32 = cp->ct->size; k->id = ctype_cid(cp->ct->info);
+    } else if (ctype_type(cp->ct->info) == CT_EXTERN) {
+      k->u32 = cp->val.id; k->id = ctype_cid(cp->ct->info);
+    } else if (ctype_type(cp->ct->info) == CT_FUNC) {
+      k->u32 = cp->val.id; k->id = cp->val.id;
+    } else {
+      goto err_expr;
+    }
+    cp_next(cp);
+  } else if (cp->tok == CTOK_STRING) {
+    CTSize sz = cp->str->len;
+    while (cp_next(cp) == CTOK_STRING)
+      sz += cp->str->len;
+    k->u32 = sz + 1;
+    k->id = CTID_A_CCHAR;
+  } else {
+  err_expr:
+    cp_errmsg(cp, cp->tok, LJ_ERR_XSYMBOL);
+  }
+}
+
+/* Parse postfix operators. */
+static void cp_expr_postfix(CPState *cp, CPValue *k)
+{
+  for (;;) {
+    CType *ct;
+    if (cp_opt(cp, '[')) {  /* Array/pointer index. */
+      CPValue k2;
+      cp_expr_comma(cp, &k2);
+      ct = lj_ctype_rawref(cp->cts, k->id);
+      if (!ctype_ispointer(ct->info)) {
+	ct = lj_ctype_rawref(cp->cts, k2.id);
+	if (!ctype_ispointer(ct->info))
+	  cp_err_badidx(cp, ct);
+      }
+      cp_check(cp, ']');
+      k->u32 = 0;
+    } else if (cp->tok == '.' || cp->tok == CTOK_DEREF) {  /* Struct deref. */
+      CTSize ofs;
+      CType *fct;
+      ct = lj_ctype_rawref(cp->cts, k->id);
+      if (cp->tok == CTOK_DEREF) {
+	if (!ctype_ispointer(ct->info))
+	  cp_err_badidx(cp, ct);
+	ct = lj_ctype_rawref(cp->cts, ctype_cid(ct->info));
+      }
+      cp_next(cp);
+      if (cp->tok != CTOK_IDENT) cp_err_token(cp, CTOK_IDENT);
+      if (!ctype_isstruct(ct->info) || ct->size == CTSIZE_INVALID ||
+	  !(fct = lj_ctype_getfield(cp->cts, ct, cp->str, &ofs)) ||
+	  ctype_isbitfield(fct->info)) {
+	GCstr *s = lj_ctype_repr(cp->cts->L, ctype_typeid(cp->cts, ct), NULL);
+	cp_errmsg(cp, 0, LJ_ERR_FFI_BADMEMBER, strdata(s), strdata(cp->str));
+      }
+      ct = fct;
+      k->u32 = ctype_isconstval(ct->info) ? ct->size : 0;
+      cp_next(cp);
+    } else {
+      return;
+    }
+    k->id = ctype_cid(ct->info);
+  }
+}
+
+/* Parse infix operators. */
+static void cp_expr_infix(CPState *cp, CPValue *k, int pri)
+{
+  CPValue k2;
+  k2.u32 = 0; k2.id = 0;  /* Silence the compiler. */
+  for (;;) {
+    switch (pri) {
+    case 0:
+      if (cp_opt(cp, '?')) {
+	CPValue k3;
+	cp_expr_comma(cp, &k2);  /* Right-associative. */
+	cp_check(cp, ':');
+	cp_expr_sub(cp, &k3, 0);
+	k->u32 = k->u32 ? k2.u32 : k3.u32;
+	k->id = k2.id > k3.id ? k2.id : k3.id;
+	continue;
+      }
+      /* fallthrough */
+    case 1:
+      if (cp_opt(cp, CTOK_OROR)) {
+	cp_expr_sub(cp, &k2, 2); k->i32 = k->u32 || k2.u32; k->id = CTID_INT32;
+	continue;
+      }
+      /* fallthrough */
+    case 2:
+      if (cp_opt(cp, CTOK_ANDAND)) {
+	cp_expr_sub(cp, &k2, 3); k->i32 = k->u32 && k2.u32; k->id = CTID_INT32;
+	continue;
+      }
+      /* fallthrough */
+    case 3:
+      if (cp_opt(cp, '|')) {
+	cp_expr_sub(cp, &k2, 4); k->u32 = k->u32 | k2.u32; goto arith_result;
+      }
+      /* fallthrough */
+    case 4:
+      if (cp_opt(cp, '^')) {
+	cp_expr_sub(cp, &k2, 5); k->u32 = k->u32 ^ k2.u32; goto arith_result;
+      }
+      /* fallthrough */
+    case 5:
+      if (cp_opt(cp, '&')) {
+	cp_expr_sub(cp, &k2, 6); k->u32 = k->u32 & k2.u32; goto arith_result;
+      }
+      /* fallthrough */
+    case 6:
+      if (cp_opt(cp, CTOK_EQ)) {
+	cp_expr_sub(cp, &k2, 7); k->i32 = k->u32 == k2.u32; k->id = CTID_INT32;
+	continue;
+      } else if (cp_opt(cp, CTOK_NE)) {
+	cp_expr_sub(cp, &k2, 7); k->i32 = k->u32 != k2.u32; k->id = CTID_INT32;
+	continue;
+      }
+      /* fallthrough */
+    case 7:
+      if (cp_opt(cp, '<')) {
+	cp_expr_sub(cp, &k2, 8);
+	if (k->id == CTID_INT32 && k2.id == CTID_INT32)
+	  k->i32 = k->i32 < k2.i32;
+	else
+	  k->i32 = k->u32 < k2.u32;
+	k->id = CTID_INT32;
+	continue;
+      } else if (cp_opt(cp, '>')) {
+	cp_expr_sub(cp, &k2, 8);
+	if (k->id == CTID_INT32 && k2.id == CTID_INT32)
+	  k->i32 = k->i32 > k2.i32;
+	else
+	  k->i32 = k->u32 > k2.u32;
+	k->id = CTID_INT32;
+	continue;
+      } else if (cp_opt(cp, CTOK_LE)) {
+	cp_expr_sub(cp, &k2, 8);
+	if (k->id == CTID_INT32 && k2.id == CTID_INT32)
+	  k->i32 = k->i32 <= k2.i32;
+	else
+	  k->i32 = k->u32 <= k2.u32;
+	k->id = CTID_INT32;
+	continue;
+      } else if (cp_opt(cp, CTOK_GE)) {
+	cp_expr_sub(cp, &k2, 8);
+	if (k->id == CTID_INT32 && k2.id == CTID_INT32)
+	  k->i32 = k->i32 >= k2.i32;
+	else
+	  k->i32 = k->u32 >= k2.u32;
+	k->id = CTID_INT32;
+	continue;
+      }
+      /* fallthrough */
+    case 8:
+      if (cp_opt(cp, CTOK_SHL)) {
+	cp_expr_sub(cp, &k2, 9); k->u32 = k->u32 << k2.u32;
+	continue;
+      } else if (cp_opt(cp, CTOK_SHR)) {
+	cp_expr_sub(cp, &k2, 9);
+	if (k->id == CTID_INT32)
+	  k->i32 = k->i32 >> k2.i32;
+	else
+	  k->u32 = k->u32 >> k2.u32;
+	continue;
+      }
+      /* fallthrough */
+    case 9:
+      if (cp_opt(cp, '+')) {
+	cp_expr_sub(cp, &k2, 10); k->u32 = k->u32 + k2.u32;
+      arith_result:
+	if (k2.id > k->id) k->id = k2.id;  /* Trivial promotion to unsigned. */
+	continue;
+      } else if (cp_opt(cp, '-')) {
+	cp_expr_sub(cp, &k2, 10); k->u32 = k->u32 - k2.u32; goto arith_result;
+      }
+      /* fallthrough */
+    case 10:
+      if (cp_opt(cp, '*')) {
+	cp_expr_unary(cp, &k2); k->u32 = k->u32 * k2.u32; goto arith_result;
+      } else if (cp_opt(cp, '/')) {
+	cp_expr_unary(cp, &k2);
+	if (k2.id > k->id) k->id = k2.id;  /* Trivial promotion to unsigned. */
+	if (k2.u32 == 0 ||
+	    (k->id == CTID_INT32 && k->u32 == 0x80000000u && k2.i32 == -1))
+	  cp_err(cp, LJ_ERR_BADVAL);
+	if (k->id == CTID_INT32)
+	  k->i32 = k->i32 / k2.i32;
+	else
+	  k->u32 = k->u32 / k2.u32;
+	continue;
+      } else if (cp_opt(cp, '%')) {
+	cp_expr_unary(cp, &k2);
+	if (k2.id > k->id) k->id = k2.id;  /* Trivial promotion to unsigned. */
+	if (k2.u32 == 0 ||
+	    (k->id == CTID_INT32 && k->u32 == 0x80000000u && k2.i32 == -1))
+	  cp_err(cp, LJ_ERR_BADVAL);
+	if (k->id == CTID_INT32)
+	  k->i32 = k->i32 % k2.i32;
+	else
+	  k->u32 = k->u32 % k2.u32;
+	continue;
+      }
+    default:
+      return;
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+/* Parse and evaluate unary expression. */
+static void cp_expr_unary(CPState *cp, CPValue *k)
+{
+  if (++cp->depth > CPARSE_MAX_DECLDEPTH) cp_err(cp, LJ_ERR_XLEVELS);
+  cp_expr_prefix(cp, k);
+  cp_expr_postfix(cp, k);
+  cp->depth--;
+}
+
+/* Parse and evaluate sub-expression. */
+static void cp_expr_sub(CPState *cp, CPValue *k, int pri)
+{
+  cp_expr_unary(cp, k);
+  cp_expr_infix(cp, k, pri);
+}
+
+/* Parse constant integer expression. */
+static void cp_expr_kint(CPState *cp, CPValue *k)
+{
+  CType *ct;
+  cp_expr_sub(cp, k, 0);
+  ct = ctype_raw(cp->cts, k->id);
+  if (!ctype_isinteger(ct->info)) cp_err(cp, LJ_ERR_BADVAL);
+}
+
+/* Parse (non-negative) size expression. */
+static CTSize cp_expr_ksize(CPState *cp)
+{
+  CPValue k;
+  cp_expr_kint(cp, &k);
+  if (k.u32 >= 0x80000000u) cp_err(cp, LJ_ERR_FFI_INVSIZE);
+  return k.u32;
+}
+
+/* -- Type declaration stack management ----------------------------------- */
+
+/* Add declaration element behind the insertion position. */
+static CPDeclIdx cp_add(CPDecl *decl, CTInfo info, CTSize size)
+{
+  CPDeclIdx top = decl->top;
+  if (top >= CPARSE_MAX_DECLSTACK) cp_err(decl->cp, LJ_ERR_XLEVELS);
+  decl->stack[top].info = info;
+  decl->stack[top].size = size;
+  decl->stack[top].sib = 0;
+  setgcrefnull(decl->stack[top].name);
+  decl->stack[top].next = decl->stack[decl->pos].next;
+  decl->stack[decl->pos].next = (CTypeID1)top;
+  decl->top = top+1;
+  return top;
+}
+
+/* Push declaration element before the insertion position. */
+static CPDeclIdx cp_push(CPDecl *decl, CTInfo info, CTSize size)
+{
+  return (decl->pos = cp_add(decl, info, size));
+}
+
+/* Push or merge attributes. */
+static void cp_push_attributes(CPDecl *decl)
+{
+  CType *ct = &decl->stack[decl->pos];
+  if (ctype_isfunc(ct->info)) {  /* Ok to modify in-place. */
+#if LJ_TARGET_X86
+    if ((decl->fattr & CTFP_CCONV))
+      ct->info = (ct->info & (CTMASK_NUM|CTF_VARARG|CTMASK_CID)) +
+		 (decl->fattr & ~CTMASK_CID);
+#endif
+  } else {
+    if ((decl->attr & CTFP_ALIGNED) && !(decl->mode & CPARSE_MODE_FIELD))
+      cp_push(decl, CTINFO(CT_ATTRIB, CTATTRIB(CTA_ALIGN)),
+	      ctype_align(decl->attr));
+  }
+}
+
+/* Push unrolled type to declaration stack and merge qualifiers. */
+static void cp_push_type(CPDecl *decl, CTypeID id)
+{
+  CType *ct = ctype_get(decl->cp->cts, id);
+  CTInfo info = ct->info;
+  CTSize size = ct->size;
+  switch (ctype_type(info)) {
+  case CT_STRUCT: case CT_ENUM:
+    cp_push(decl, CTINFO(CT_TYPEDEF, id), 0);  /* Don't copy unique types. */
+    if ((decl->attr & CTF_QUAL)) {  /* Push unmerged qualifiers. */
+      cp_push(decl, CTINFO(CT_ATTRIB, CTATTRIB(CTA_QUAL)),
+	      (decl->attr & CTF_QUAL));
+      decl->attr &= ~CTF_QUAL;
+    }
+    break;
+  case CT_ATTRIB:
+    if (ctype_isxattrib(info, CTA_QUAL))
+      decl->attr &= ~size;  /* Remove redundant qualifiers. */
+    cp_push_type(decl, ctype_cid(info));  /* Unroll. */
+    cp_push(decl, info & ~CTMASK_CID, size);  /* Copy type. */
+    break;
+  case CT_ARRAY:
+    if ((ct->info & (CTF_VECTOR|CTF_COMPLEX))) {
+      info |= (decl->attr & CTF_QUAL);
+      decl->attr &= ~CTF_QUAL;
+    }
+    cp_push_type(decl, ctype_cid(info));  /* Unroll. */
+    cp_push(decl, info & ~CTMASK_CID, size);  /* Copy type. */
+    decl->stack[decl->pos].sib = 1;  /* Mark as already checked and sized. */
+    /* Note: this is not copied to the ct->sib in the C type table. */
+    break;
+  case CT_FUNC:
+    /* Copy type, link parameters (shared). */
+    decl->stack[cp_push(decl, info, size)].sib = ct->sib;
+    break;
+  default:
+    /* Copy type, merge common qualifiers. */
+    cp_push(decl, info|(decl->attr & CTF_QUAL), size);
+    decl->attr &= ~CTF_QUAL;
+    break;
+  }
+}
+
+/* Consume the declaration element chain and intern the C type. */
+static CTypeID cp_decl_intern(CPState *cp, CPDecl *decl)
+{
+  CTypeID id = 0;
+  CPDeclIdx idx = 0;
+  CTSize csize = CTSIZE_INVALID;
+  CTSize cinfo = 0;
+  do {
+    CType *ct = &decl->stack[idx];
+    CTInfo info = ct->info;
+    CTInfo size = ct->size;
+    /* The cid is already part of info for copies of pointers/functions. */
+    idx = ct->next;
+    if (ctype_istypedef(info)) {
+      lj_assertCP(id == 0, "typedef not at toplevel");
+      id = ctype_cid(info);
+      /* Always refetch info/size, since struct/enum may have been completed. */
+      cinfo = ctype_get(cp->cts, id)->info;
+      csize = ctype_get(cp->cts, id)->size;
+      lj_assertCP(ctype_isstruct(cinfo) || ctype_isenum(cinfo),
+		  "typedef of bad type");
+    } else if (ctype_isfunc(info)) {  /* Intern function. */
+      CType *fct;
+      CTypeID fid;
+      CTypeID sib;
+      if (id) {
+	CType *refct = ctype_raw(cp->cts, id);
+	/* Reject function or refarray return types. */
+	if (ctype_isfunc(refct->info) || ctype_isrefarray(refct->info))
+	  cp_err(cp, LJ_ERR_FFI_INVTYPE);
+      }
+      /* No intervening attributes allowed, skip forward. */
+      while (idx) {
+	CType *ctn = &decl->stack[idx];
+	if (!ctype_isattrib(ctn->info)) break;
+	idx = ctn->next;  /* Skip attribute. */
+      }
+      sib = ct->sib;  /* Next line may reallocate the C type table. */
+      fid = lj_ctype_new(cp->cts, &fct);
+      csize = CTSIZE_INVALID;
+      fct->info = cinfo = info + id;
+      fct->size = size;
+      fct->sib = sib;
+      id = fid;
+    } else if (ctype_isattrib(info)) {
+      if (ctype_isxattrib(info, CTA_QUAL))
+	cinfo |= size;
+      else if (ctype_isxattrib(info, CTA_ALIGN))
+	CTF_INSERT(cinfo, ALIGN, size);
+      id = lj_ctype_intern(cp->cts, info+id, size);
+      /* Inherit csize/cinfo from original type. */
+    } else {
+      if (ctype_isnum(info)) {  /* Handle mode/vector-size attributes. */
+	lj_assertCP(id == 0, "number not at toplevel");
+	if (!(info & CTF_BOOL)) {
+	  CTSize msize = ctype_msizeP(decl->attr);
+	  CTSize vsize = ctype_vsizeP(decl->attr);
+	  if (msize && (!(info & CTF_FP) || (msize == 4 || msize == 8))) {
+	    CTSize malign = lj_fls(msize);
+	    if (malign > 4) malign = 4;  /* Limit alignment. */
+	    CTF_INSERT(info, ALIGN, malign);
+	    size = msize;  /* Override size via mode. */
+	  }
+	  if (vsize) {  /* Vector size set? */
+	    CTSize esize = lj_fls(size);
+	    if (vsize >= esize) {
+	      /* Intern the element type first. */
+	      id = lj_ctype_intern(cp->cts, info, size);
+	      /* Then create a vector (array) with vsize alignment. */
+	      size = (1u << vsize);
+	      if (vsize > 4) vsize = 4;  /* Limit alignment. */
+	      if (ctype_align(info) > vsize) vsize = ctype_align(info);
+	      info = CTINFO(CT_ARRAY, (info & CTF_QUAL) + CTF_VECTOR +
+				      CTALIGN(vsize));
+	    }
+	  }
+	}
+      } else if (ctype_isptr(info)) {
+	/* Reject pointer/ref to ref. */
+	if (id && ctype_isref(ctype_raw(cp->cts, id)->info))
+	  cp_err(cp, LJ_ERR_FFI_INVTYPE);
+	if (ctype_isref(info)) {
+	  info &= ~CTF_VOLATILE;  /* Refs are always const, never volatile. */
+	  /* No intervening attributes allowed, skip forward. */
+	  while (idx) {
+	    CType *ctn = &decl->stack[idx];
+	    if (!ctype_isattrib(ctn->info)) break;
+	    idx = ctn->next;  /* Skip attribute. */
+	  }
+	}
+      } else if (ctype_isarray(info)) {  /* Check for valid array size etc. */
+	if (ct->sib == 0) {  /* Only check/size arrays not copied by unroll. */
+	  if (ctype_isref(cinfo))  /* Reject arrays of refs. */
+	    cp_err(cp, LJ_ERR_FFI_INVTYPE);
+	  /* Reject VLS or unknown-sized types. */
+	  if (ctype_isvltype(cinfo) || csize == CTSIZE_INVALID)
+	    cp_err(cp, LJ_ERR_FFI_INVSIZE);
+	  /* a[] and a[?] keep their invalid size. */
+	  if (size != CTSIZE_INVALID) {
+	    uint64_t xsz = (uint64_t)size * csize;
+	    if (xsz >= 0x80000000u) cp_err(cp, LJ_ERR_FFI_INVSIZE);
+	    size = (CTSize)xsz;
+	  }
+	}
+	if ((cinfo & CTF_ALIGN) > (info & CTF_ALIGN))  /* Find max. align. */
+	  info = (info & ~CTF_ALIGN) | (cinfo & CTF_ALIGN);
+	info |= (cinfo & CTF_QUAL);  /* Inherit qual. */
+      } else {
+	lj_assertCP(ctype_isvoid(info), "bad ctype %08x", info);
+      }
+      csize = size;
+      cinfo = info+id;
+      id = lj_ctype_intern(cp->cts, info+id, size);
+    }
+  } while (idx);
+  return id;
+}
+
+/* -- C declaration parser ------------------------------------------------ */
+
+/* Reset declaration state to declaration specifier. */
+static void cp_decl_reset(CPDecl *decl)
+{
+  decl->pos = decl->specpos;
+  decl->top = decl->specpos+1;
+  decl->stack[decl->specpos].next = 0;
+  decl->attr = decl->specattr;
+  decl->fattr = decl->specfattr;
+  decl->name = NULL;
+  decl->redir = NULL;
+}
+
+/* Parse constant initializer. */
+/* NYI: FP constants and strings as initializers. */
+static CTypeID cp_decl_constinit(CPState *cp, CType **ctp, CTypeID ctypeid)
+{
+  CType *ctt = ctype_get(cp->cts, ctypeid);
+  CTInfo info;
+  CTSize size;
+  CPValue k;
+  CTypeID constid;
+  while (ctype_isattrib(ctt->info)) {  /* Skip attributes. */
+    ctypeid = ctype_cid(ctt->info);  /* Update ID, too. */
+    ctt = ctype_get(cp->cts, ctypeid);
+  }
+  info = ctt->info;
+  size = ctt->size;
+  if (!ctype_isinteger(info) || !(info & CTF_CONST) || size > 4)
+    cp_err(cp, LJ_ERR_FFI_INVTYPE);
+  cp_check(cp, '=');
+  cp_expr_sub(cp, &k, 0);
+  constid = lj_ctype_new(cp->cts, ctp);
+  (*ctp)->info = CTINFO(CT_CONSTVAL, CTF_CONST|ctypeid);
+  k.u32 <<= 8*(4-size);
+  if ((info & CTF_UNSIGNED))
+    k.u32 >>= 8*(4-size);
+  else
+    k.u32 = (uint32_t)((int32_t)k.u32 >> 8*(4-size));
+  (*ctp)->size = k.u32;
+  return constid;
+}
+
+/* Parse size in parentheses as part of attribute. */
+static CTSize cp_decl_sizeattr(CPState *cp)
+{
+  CTSize sz;
+  uint32_t oldtmask = cp->tmask;
+  cp->tmask = CPNS_DEFAULT;  /* Required for expression evaluator. */
+  cp_check(cp, '(');
+  sz = cp_expr_ksize(cp);
+  cp->tmask = oldtmask;
+  cp_check(cp, ')');
+  return sz;
+}
+
+/* Parse alignment attribute. */
+static void cp_decl_align(CPState *cp, CPDecl *decl)
+{
+  CTSize al = 4;  /* Unspecified alignment is 16 bytes. */
+  if (cp->tok == '(') {
+    al = cp_decl_sizeattr(cp);
+    al = al ? lj_fls(al) : 0;
+  }
+  CTF_INSERT(decl->attr, ALIGN, al);
+  decl->attr |= CTFP_ALIGNED;
+}
+
+/* Parse GCC asm("name") redirect. */
+static void cp_decl_asm(CPState *cp, CPDecl *decl)
+{
+  UNUSED(decl);
+  cp_next(cp);
+  cp_check(cp, '(');
+  if (cp->tok == CTOK_STRING) {
+    GCstr *str = cp->str;
+    while (cp_next(cp) == CTOK_STRING) {
+      lj_strfmt_pushf(cp->L, "%s%s", strdata(str), strdata(cp->str));
+      cp->L->top--;
+      str = strV(cp->L->top);
+    }
+    decl->redir = str;
+  }
+  cp_check(cp, ')');
+}
+
+/* Parse GCC __attribute__((mode(...))). */
+static void cp_decl_mode(CPState *cp, CPDecl *decl)
+{
+  cp_check(cp, '(');
+  if (cp->tok == CTOK_IDENT) {
+    const char *s = strdata(cp->str);
+    CTSize sz = 0, vlen = 0;
+    if (s[0] == '_' && s[1] == '_') s += 2;
+    if (*s == 'V') {
+      s++;
+      vlen = *s++ - '0';
+      if (*s >= '0' && *s <= '9')
+	vlen = vlen*10 + (*s++ - '0');
+    }
+    switch (*s++) {
+    case 'Q': sz = 1; break;
+    case 'H': sz = 2; break;
+    case 'S': sz = 4; break;
+    case 'D': sz = 8; break;
+    case 'T': sz = 16; break;
+    case 'O': sz = 32; break;
+    default: goto bad_size;
+    }
+    if (*s == 'I' || *s == 'F') {
+      CTF_INSERT(decl->attr, MSIZEP, sz);
+      if (vlen) CTF_INSERT(decl->attr, VSIZEP, lj_fls(vlen*sz));
+    }
+  bad_size:
+    cp_next(cp);
+  }
+  cp_check(cp, ')');
+}
+
+/* Parse GCC __attribute__((...)). */
+static void cp_decl_gccattribute(CPState *cp, CPDecl *decl)
+{
+  cp_next(cp);
+  cp_check(cp, '(');
+  cp_check(cp, '(');
+  while (cp->tok != ')') {
+    if (cp->tok == CTOK_IDENT) {
+      GCstr *attrstr = cp->str;
+      cp_next(cp);
+      switch (lj_cparse_case(attrstr,
+		"\007aligned" "\013__aligned__"
+		"\006packed" "\012__packed__"
+		"\004mode" "\010__mode__"
+		"\013vector_size" "\017__vector_size__"
+#if LJ_TARGET_X86
+		"\007regparm" "\013__regparm__"
+		"\005cdecl"  "\011__cdecl__"
+		"\010thiscall" "\014__thiscall__"
+		"\010fastcall" "\014__fastcall__"
+		"\007stdcall" "\013__stdcall__"
+		"\012sseregparm" "\016__sseregparm__"
+#endif
+	      )) {
+      case 0: case 1: /* aligned */
+	cp_decl_align(cp, decl);
+	break;
+      case 2: case 3: /* packed */
+	decl->attr |= CTFP_PACKED;
+	break;
+      case 4: case 5: /* mode */
+	cp_decl_mode(cp, decl);
+	break;
+      case 6: case 7: /* vector_size */
+	{
+	  CTSize vsize = cp_decl_sizeattr(cp);
+	  if (vsize) CTF_INSERT(decl->attr, VSIZEP, lj_fls(vsize));
+	}
+	break;
+#if LJ_TARGET_X86
+      case 8: case 9: /* regparm */
+	CTF_INSERT(decl->fattr, REGPARM, cp_decl_sizeattr(cp));
+	decl->fattr |= CTFP_CCONV;
+	break;
+      case 10: case 11: /* cdecl */
+	CTF_INSERT(decl->fattr, CCONV, CTCC_CDECL);
+	decl->fattr |= CTFP_CCONV;
+	break;
+      case 12: case 13: /* thiscall */
+	CTF_INSERT(decl->fattr, CCONV, CTCC_THISCALL);
+	decl->fattr |= CTFP_CCONV;
+	break;
+      case 14: case 15: /* fastcall */
+	CTF_INSERT(decl->fattr, CCONV, CTCC_FASTCALL);
+	decl->fattr |= CTFP_CCONV;
+	break;
+      case 16: case 17: /* stdcall */
+	CTF_INSERT(decl->fattr, CCONV, CTCC_STDCALL);
+	decl->fattr |= CTFP_CCONV;
+	break;
+      case 18: case 19: /* sseregparm */
+	decl->fattr |= CTF_SSEREGPARM;
+	decl->fattr |= CTFP_CCONV;
+	break;
+#endif
+      default:  /* Skip all other attributes. */
+	goto skip_attr;
+      }
+    } else if (cp->tok >= CTOK_FIRSTDECL) {  /* For __attribute((const)) etc. */
+      cp_next(cp);
+    skip_attr:
+      if (cp_opt(cp, '(')) {
+	while (cp->tok != ')' && cp->tok != CTOK_EOF) cp_next(cp);
+	cp_check(cp, ')');
+      }
+    } else {
+      break;
+    }
+    if (!cp_opt(cp, ',')) break;
+  }
+  cp_check(cp, ')');
+  cp_check(cp, ')');
+}
+
+/* Parse MSVC __declspec(...). */
+static void cp_decl_msvcattribute(CPState *cp, CPDecl *decl)
+{
+  cp_next(cp);
+  cp_check(cp, '(');
+  while (cp->tok == CTOK_IDENT) {
+    GCstr *attrstr = cp->str;
+    cp_next(cp);
+    if (cp_str_is(attrstr, "align")) {
+      cp_decl_align(cp, decl);
+    } else {  /* Ignore all other attributes. */
+      if (cp_opt(cp, '(')) {
+	while (cp->tok != ')' && cp->tok != CTOK_EOF) cp_next(cp);
+	cp_check(cp, ')');
+      }
+    }
+  }
+  cp_check(cp, ')');
+}
+
+/* Parse declaration attributes (and common qualifiers). */
+static void cp_decl_attributes(CPState *cp, CPDecl *decl)
+{
+  for (;;) {
+    switch (cp->tok) {
+    case CTOK_CONST: decl->attr |= CTF_CONST; break;
+    case CTOK_VOLATILE: decl->attr |= CTF_VOLATILE; break;
+    case CTOK_RESTRICT: break;  /* Ignore. */
+    case CTOK_EXTENSION: break;  /* Ignore. */
+    case CTOK_ATTRIBUTE: cp_decl_gccattribute(cp, decl); continue;
+    case CTOK_ASM: cp_decl_asm(cp, decl); continue;
+    case CTOK_DECLSPEC: cp_decl_msvcattribute(cp, decl); continue;
+    case CTOK_CCDECL:
+#if LJ_TARGET_X86
+      CTF_INSERT(decl->fattr, CCONV, cp->ct->size);
+      decl->fattr |= CTFP_CCONV;
+#endif
+      break;
+    case CTOK_PTRSZ:
+#if LJ_64
+      CTF_INSERT(decl->attr, MSIZEP, cp->ct->size);
+#endif
+      break;
+    default: return;
+    }
+    cp_next(cp);
+  }
+}
+
+/* Parse struct/union/enum name. */
+static CTypeID cp_struct_name(CPState *cp, CPDecl *sdecl, CTInfo info)
+{
+  CTypeID sid;
+  CType *ct;
+  cp->tmask = CPNS_STRUCT;
+  cp_next(cp);
+  cp_decl_attributes(cp, sdecl);
+  cp->tmask = CPNS_DEFAULT;
+  if (cp->tok != '{') {
+    if (cp->tok != CTOK_IDENT) cp_err_token(cp, CTOK_IDENT);
+    if (cp->val.id) {  /* Name of existing struct/union/enum. */
+      sid = cp->val.id;
+      ct = cp->ct;
+      if ((ct->info ^ info) & (CTMASK_NUM|CTF_UNION))  /* Wrong type. */
+	cp_errmsg(cp, 0, LJ_ERR_FFI_REDEF, strdata(gco2str(gcref(ct->name))));
+    } else {  /* Create named, incomplete struct/union/enum. */
+      if ((cp->mode & CPARSE_MODE_NOIMPLICIT))
+	cp_errmsg(cp, 0, LJ_ERR_FFI_BADTAG, strdata(cp->str));
+      sid = lj_ctype_new(cp->cts, &ct);
+      ct->info = info;
+      ct->size = CTSIZE_INVALID;
+      ctype_setname(ct, cp->str);
+      lj_ctype_addname(cp->cts, ct, sid);
+    }
+    cp_next(cp);
+  } else {  /* Create anonymous, incomplete struct/union/enum. */
+    sid = lj_ctype_new(cp->cts, &ct);
+    ct->info = info;
+    ct->size = CTSIZE_INVALID;
+  }
+  if (cp->tok == '{') {
+    if (ct->size != CTSIZE_INVALID || ct->sib)
+      cp_errmsg(cp, 0, LJ_ERR_FFI_REDEF, strdata(gco2str(gcref(ct->name))));
+    ct->sib = 1;  /* Indicate the type is currently being defined. */
+  }
+  return sid;
+}
+
+/* Determine field alignment. */
+static CTSize cp_field_align(CPState *cp, CType *ct, CTInfo info)
+{
+  CTSize align = ctype_align(info);
+  UNUSED(cp); UNUSED(ct);
+#if (LJ_TARGET_X86 && !LJ_ABI_WIN) || (LJ_TARGET_ARM && __APPLE__)
+  /* The SYSV i386 and iOS ABIs limit alignment of non-vector fields to 2^2. */
+  if (align > 2 && !(info & CTFP_ALIGNED)) {
+    if (ctype_isarray(info) && !(info & CTF_VECTOR)) {
+      do {
+	ct = ctype_rawchild(cp->cts, ct);
+	info = ct->info;
+      } while (ctype_isarray(info) && !(info & CTF_VECTOR));
+    }
+    if (ctype_isnum(info) || ctype_isenum(info))
+      align = 2;
+  }
+#endif
+  return align;
+}
+
+/* Layout struct/union fields. */
+static void cp_struct_layout(CPState *cp, CTypeID sid, CTInfo sattr)
+{
+  CTSize bofs = 0, bmaxofs = 0;  /* Bit offset and max. bit offset. */
+  CTSize maxalign = ctype_align(sattr);
+  CType *sct = ctype_get(cp->cts, sid);
+  CTInfo sinfo = sct->info;
+  CTypeID fieldid = sct->sib;
+  while (fieldid) {
+    CType *ct = ctype_get(cp->cts, fieldid);
+    CTInfo attr = ct->size;  /* Field declaration attributes (temp.). */
+
+    if (ctype_isfield(ct->info) ||
+	(ctype_isxattrib(ct->info, CTA_SUBTYPE) && attr)) {
+      CTSize align, amask;  /* Alignment (pow2) and alignment mask (bits). */
+      CTSize sz;
+      CTInfo info = lj_ctype_info(cp->cts, ctype_cid(ct->info), &sz);
+      CTSize bsz, csz = 8*sz;  /* Field size and container size (in bits). */
+      sinfo |= (info & (CTF_QUAL|CTF_VLA));  /* Merge pseudo-qualifiers. */
+
+      /* Check for size overflow and determine alignment. */
+      if (sz >= 0x20000000u || bofs + csz < bofs || (info & CTF_VLA)) {
+	if (!(sz == CTSIZE_INVALID && ctype_isarray(info) &&
+	      !(sinfo & CTF_UNION)))
+	  cp_err(cp, LJ_ERR_FFI_INVSIZE);
+	csz = sz = 0;  /* Treat a[] and a[?] as zero-sized. */
+      }
+      align = cp_field_align(cp, ct, info);
+      if (((attr|sattr) & CTFP_PACKED) ||
+	  ((attr & CTFP_ALIGNED) && ctype_align(attr) > align))
+	align = ctype_align(attr);
+      if (cp->packstack[cp->curpack] < align)
+	align = cp->packstack[cp->curpack];
+      if (align > maxalign) maxalign = align;
+      amask = (8u << align) - 1;
+
+      bsz = ctype_bitcsz(ct->info);  /* Bitfield size (temp.). */
+      if (bsz == CTBSZ_FIELD || !ctype_isfield(ct->info)) {
+	bsz = csz;  /* Regular fields or subtypes always fill the container. */
+	bofs = (bofs + amask) & ~amask;  /* Start new aligned field. */
+	ct->size = (bofs >> 3);  /* Store field offset. */
+      } else {  /* Bitfield. */
+	if (bsz == 0 || (attr & CTFP_ALIGNED) ||
+	    (!((attr|sattr) & CTFP_PACKED) && (bofs & amask) + bsz > csz))
+	  bofs = (bofs + amask) & ~amask;  /* Start new aligned field. */
+
+	/* Prefer regular field over bitfield. */
+	if (bsz == csz && (bofs & amask) == 0) {
+	  ct->info = CTINFO(CT_FIELD, ctype_cid(ct->info));
+	  ct->size = (bofs >> 3);  /* Store field offset. */
+	} else {
+	  ct->info = CTINFO(CT_BITFIELD,
+	    (info & (CTF_QUAL|CTF_UNSIGNED|CTF_BOOL)) +
+	    (csz << (CTSHIFT_BITCSZ-3)) + (bsz << CTSHIFT_BITBSZ));
+#if LJ_BE
+	  ct->info += ((csz - (bofs & (csz-1)) - bsz) << CTSHIFT_BITPOS);
+#else
+	  ct->info += ((bofs & (csz-1)) << CTSHIFT_BITPOS);
+#endif
+	  ct->size = ((bofs & ~(csz-1)) >> 3);  /* Store container offset. */
+	}
+      }
+
+      /* Determine next offset or max. offset. */
+      if ((sinfo & CTF_UNION)) {
+	if (bsz > bmaxofs) bmaxofs = bsz;
+      } else {
+	bofs += bsz;
+      }
+    }  /* All other fields in the chain are already set up. */
+
+    fieldid = ct->sib;
+  }
+
+  /* Complete struct/union. */
+  sct->info = sinfo + CTALIGN(maxalign);
+  bofs = (sinfo & CTF_UNION) ? bmaxofs : bofs;
+  maxalign = (8u << maxalign) - 1;
+  sct->size = (((bofs + maxalign) & ~maxalign) >> 3);
+}
+
+/* Parse struct/union declaration. */
+static CTypeID cp_decl_struct(CPState *cp, CPDecl *sdecl, CTInfo sinfo)
+{
+  CTypeID sid = cp_struct_name(cp, sdecl, sinfo);
+  if (cp_opt(cp, '{')) {  /* Struct/union definition. */
+    CTypeID lastid = sid;
+    int lastdecl = 0;
+    while (cp->tok != '}') {
+      CPDecl decl;
+      CPscl scl = cp_decl_spec(cp, &decl, CDF_STATIC);
+      decl.mode = scl ? CPARSE_MODE_DIRECT :
+	CPARSE_MODE_DIRECT|CPARSE_MODE_ABSTRACT|CPARSE_MODE_FIELD;
+
+      for (;;) {
+	CTypeID ctypeid;
+
+	if (lastdecl) cp_err_token(cp, '}');
+
+	/* Parse field declarator. */
+	decl.bits = CTSIZE_INVALID;
+	cp_declarator(cp, &decl);
+	ctypeid = cp_decl_intern(cp, &decl);
+
+	if ((scl & CDF_STATIC)) {  /* Static constant in struct namespace. */
+	  CType *ct;
+	  CTypeID fieldid = cp_decl_constinit(cp, &ct, ctypeid);
+	  ctype_get(cp->cts, lastid)->sib = fieldid;
+	  lastid = fieldid;
+	  ctype_setname(ct, decl.name);
+	} else {
+	  CTSize bsz = CTBSZ_FIELD;  /* Temp. for layout phase. */
+	  CType *ct;
+	  CTypeID fieldid = lj_ctype_new(cp->cts, &ct);  /* Do this first. */
+	  CType *tct = ctype_raw(cp->cts, ctypeid);
+
+	  if (decl.bits == CTSIZE_INVALID) {  /* Regular field. */
+	    if (ctype_isarray(tct->info) && tct->size == CTSIZE_INVALID)
+	      lastdecl = 1;  /* a[] or a[?] must be the last declared field. */
+
+	    /* Accept transparent struct/union/enum. */
+	    if (!decl.name) {
+	      if (!((ctype_isstruct(tct->info) && !(tct->info & CTF_VLA)) ||
+		    ctype_isenum(tct->info)))
+		cp_err_token(cp, CTOK_IDENT);
+	      ct->info = CTINFO(CT_ATTRIB, CTATTRIB(CTA_SUBTYPE) + ctypeid);
+	      ct->size = ctype_isstruct(tct->info) ?
+			 (decl.attr|0x80000000u) : 0;  /* For layout phase. */
+	      goto add_field;
+	    }
+	  } else {  /* Bitfield. */
+	    bsz = decl.bits;
+	    if (!ctype_isinteger_or_bool(tct->info) ||
+		(bsz == 0 && decl.name) || 8*tct->size > CTBSZ_MAX ||
+		bsz > ((tct->info & CTF_BOOL) ? 1 : 8*tct->size))
+	      cp_errmsg(cp, ':', LJ_ERR_BADVAL);
+	  }
+
+	  /* Create temporary field for layout phase. */
+	  ct->info = CTINFO(CT_FIELD, ctypeid + (bsz << CTSHIFT_BITCSZ));
+	  ct->size = decl.attr;
+	  if (decl.name) ctype_setname(ct, decl.name);
+
+	add_field:
+	  ctype_get(cp->cts, lastid)->sib = fieldid;
+	  lastid = fieldid;
+	}
+	if (!cp_opt(cp, ',')) break;
+	cp_decl_reset(&decl);
+      }
+      cp_check(cp, ';');
+    }
+    cp_check(cp, '}');
+    ctype_get(cp->cts, lastid)->sib = 0;  /* Drop sib = 1 for empty structs. */
+    cp_decl_attributes(cp, sdecl);  /* Layout phase needs postfix attributes. */
+    cp_struct_layout(cp, sid, sdecl->attr);
+  }
+  return sid;
+}
+
+/* Parse enum declaration. */
+static CTypeID cp_decl_enum(CPState *cp, CPDecl *sdecl)
+{
+  CTypeID eid = cp_struct_name(cp, sdecl, CTINFO(CT_ENUM, CTID_VOID));
+  CTInfo einfo = CTINFO(CT_ENUM, CTALIGN(2) + CTID_UINT32);
+  CTSize esize = 4;  /* Only 32 bit enums are supported. */
+  if (cp_opt(cp, '{')) {  /* Enum definition. */
+    CPValue k;
+    CTypeID lastid = eid;
+    k.u32 = 0;
+    k.id = CTID_INT32;
+    do {
+      GCstr *name = cp->str;
+      if (cp->tok != CTOK_IDENT) cp_err_token(cp, CTOK_IDENT);
+      if (cp->val.id) cp_errmsg(cp, 0, LJ_ERR_FFI_REDEF, strdata(name));
+      cp_next(cp);
+      if (cp_opt(cp, '=')) {
+	cp_expr_kint(cp, &k);
+	if (k.id == CTID_UINT32) {
+	  /* C99 says that enum constants are always (signed) integers.
+	  ** But since unsigned constants like 0x80000000 are quite common,
+	  ** those are left as uint32_t.
+	  */
+	  if (k.i32 >= 0) k.id = CTID_INT32;
+	} else {
+	  /* OTOH it's common practice and even mandated by some ABIs
+	  ** that the enum type itself is unsigned, unless there are any
+	  ** negative constants.
+	  */
+	  k.id = CTID_INT32;
+	  if (k.i32 < 0) einfo = CTINFO(CT_ENUM, CTALIGN(2) + CTID_INT32);
+	}
+      }
+      /* Add named enum constant. */
+      {
+	CType *ct;
+	CTypeID constid = lj_ctype_new(cp->cts, &ct);
+	ctype_get(cp->cts, lastid)->sib = constid;
+	lastid = constid;
+	ctype_setname(ct, name);
+	ct->info = CTINFO(CT_CONSTVAL, CTF_CONST|k.id);
+	ct->size = k.u32++;
+	if (k.u32 == 0x80000000u) k.id = CTID_UINT32;
+	lj_ctype_addname(cp->cts, ct, constid);
+      }
+      if (!cp_opt(cp, ',')) break;
+    } while (cp->tok != '}');  /* Trailing ',' is ok. */
+    cp_check(cp, '}');
+    /* Complete enum. */
+    ctype_get(cp->cts, eid)->info = einfo;
+    ctype_get(cp->cts, eid)->size = esize;
+  }
+  return eid;
+}
+
+/* Parse declaration specifiers. */
+static CPscl cp_decl_spec(CPState *cp, CPDecl *decl, CPscl scl)
+{
+  uint32_t cds = 0, sz = 0;
+  CTypeID tdef = 0;
+
+  decl->cp = cp;
+  decl->mode = cp->mode;
+  decl->name = NULL;
+  decl->redir = NULL;
+  decl->attr = 0;
+  decl->fattr = 0;
+  decl->pos = decl->top = 0;
+  decl->stack[0].next = 0;
+
+  for (;;) {  /* Parse basic types. */
+    cp_decl_attributes(cp, decl);
+    if (cp->tok >= CTOK_FIRSTDECL && cp->tok <= CTOK_LASTDECLFLAG) {
+      uint32_t cbit;
+      if (cp->ct->size) {
+	if (sz) goto end_decl;
+	sz = cp->ct->size;
+      }
+      cbit = (1u << (cp->tok - CTOK_FIRSTDECL));
+      cds = cds | cbit | ((cbit & cds & CDF_LONG) << 1);
+      if (cp->tok >= CTOK_FIRSTSCL) {
+	if (!(scl & cbit)) cp_errmsg(cp, cp->tok, LJ_ERR_FFI_BADSCL);
+      } else if (tdef) {
+	goto end_decl;
+      }
+      cp_next(cp);
+      continue;
+    }
+    if (sz || tdef ||
+	(cds & (CDF_SHORT|CDF_LONG|CDF_SIGNED|CDF_UNSIGNED|CDF_COMPLEX)))
+      break;
+    switch (cp->tok) {
+    case CTOK_STRUCT:
+      tdef = cp_decl_struct(cp, decl, CTINFO(CT_STRUCT, 0));
+      continue;
+    case CTOK_UNION:
+      tdef = cp_decl_struct(cp, decl, CTINFO(CT_STRUCT, CTF_UNION));
+      continue;
+    case CTOK_ENUM:
+      tdef = cp_decl_enum(cp, decl);
+      continue;
+    case CTOK_IDENT:
+      if (ctype_istypedef(cp->ct->info)) {
+	tdef = ctype_cid(cp->ct->info);  /* Get typedef. */
+	cp_next(cp);
+	continue;
+      }
+      break;
+    case '$':
+      tdef = cp->val.id;
+      cp_next(cp);
+      continue;
+    default:
+      break;
+    }
+    break;
+  }
+end_decl:
+
+  if ((cds & CDF_COMPLEX))  /* Use predefined complex types. */
+    tdef = sz == 4 ? CTID_COMPLEX_FLOAT : CTID_COMPLEX_DOUBLE;
+
+  if (tdef) {
+    cp_push_type(decl, tdef);
+  } else if ((cds & CDF_VOID)) {
+    cp_push(decl, CTINFO(CT_VOID, (decl->attr & CTF_QUAL)), CTSIZE_INVALID);
+    decl->attr &= ~CTF_QUAL;
+  } else {
+    /* Determine type info and size. */
+    CTInfo info = CTINFO(CT_NUM, (cds & CDF_UNSIGNED) ? CTF_UNSIGNED : 0);
+    if ((cds & CDF_BOOL)) {
+      if ((cds & ~(CDF_SCL|CDF_BOOL|CDF_INT|CDF_SIGNED|CDF_UNSIGNED)))
+	cp_errmsg(cp, 0, LJ_ERR_FFI_INVTYPE);
+      info |= CTF_BOOL;
+      if (!(cds & CDF_SIGNED)) info |= CTF_UNSIGNED;
+      if (!sz) {
+	sz = 1;
+      }
+    } else if ((cds & CDF_FP)) {
+      info = CTINFO(CT_NUM, CTF_FP);
+      if ((cds & CDF_LONG)) sz = sizeof(long double);
+    } else if ((cds & CDF_CHAR)) {
+      if ((cds & (CDF_CHAR|CDF_SIGNED|CDF_UNSIGNED)) == CDF_CHAR)
+	info |= CTF_UCHAR;  /* Handle platforms where char is unsigned. */
+    } else if ((cds & CDF_SHORT)) {
+      sz = sizeof(short);
+    } else if ((cds & CDF_LONGLONG)) {
+      sz = 8;
+    } else if ((cds & CDF_LONG)) {
+      info |= CTF_LONG;
+      sz = sizeof(long);
+    } else if (!sz) {
+      if (!(cds & (CDF_SIGNED|CDF_UNSIGNED)))
+	cp_errmsg(cp, cp->tok, LJ_ERR_FFI_DECLSPEC);
+      sz = sizeof(int);
+    }
+    lj_assertCP(sz != 0, "basic ctype with zero size");
+    info += CTALIGN(lj_fls(sz));  /* Use natural alignment. */
+    info += (decl->attr & CTF_QUAL);  /* Merge qualifiers. */
+    cp_push(decl, info, sz);
+    decl->attr &= ~CTF_QUAL;
+  }
+  decl->specpos = decl->pos;
+  decl->specattr = decl->attr;
+  decl->specfattr = decl->fattr;
+  return (cds & CDF_SCL);  /* Return storage class. */
+}
+
+/* Parse array declaration. */
+static void cp_decl_array(CPState *cp, CPDecl *decl)
+{
+  CTInfo info = CTINFO(CT_ARRAY, 0);
+  CTSize nelem = CTSIZE_INVALID;  /* Default size for a[] or a[?]. */
+  cp_decl_attributes(cp, decl);
+  if (cp_opt(cp, '?'))
+    info |= CTF_VLA;  /* Create variable-length array a[?]. */
+  else if (cp->tok != ']')
+    nelem = cp_expr_ksize(cp);
+  cp_check(cp, ']');
+  cp_add(decl, info, nelem);
+}
+
+/* Parse function declaration. */
+static void cp_decl_func(CPState *cp, CPDecl *fdecl)
+{
+  CTSize nargs = 0;
+  CTInfo info = CTINFO(CT_FUNC, 0);
+  CTypeID lastid = 0, anchor = 0;
+  if (cp->tok != ')') {
+    do {
+      CPDecl decl;
+      CTypeID ctypeid, fieldid;
+      CType *ct;
+      if (cp_opt(cp, '.')) {  /* Vararg function. */
+	cp_check(cp, '.');  /* Workaround for the minimalistic lexer. */
+	cp_check(cp, '.');
+	info |= CTF_VARARG;
+	break;
+      }
+      cp_decl_spec(cp, &decl, CDF_REGISTER);
+      decl.mode = CPARSE_MODE_DIRECT|CPARSE_MODE_ABSTRACT;
+      cp_declarator(cp, &decl);
+      ctypeid = cp_decl_intern(cp, &decl);
+      ct = ctype_raw(cp->cts, ctypeid);
+      if (ctype_isvoid(ct->info))
+	break;
+      else if (ctype_isrefarray(ct->info))
+	ctypeid = lj_ctype_intern(cp->cts,
+	  CTINFO(CT_PTR, CTALIGN_PTR|ctype_cid(ct->info)), CTSIZE_PTR);
+      else if (ctype_isfunc(ct->info))
+	ctypeid = lj_ctype_intern(cp->cts,
+	  CTINFO(CT_PTR, CTALIGN_PTR|ctypeid), CTSIZE_PTR);
+      /* Add new parameter. */
+      fieldid = lj_ctype_new(cp->cts, &ct);
+      if (anchor)
+	ctype_get(cp->cts, lastid)->sib = fieldid;
+      else
+	anchor = fieldid;
+      lastid = fieldid;
+      if (decl.name) ctype_setname(ct, decl.name);
+      ct->info = CTINFO(CT_FIELD, ctypeid);
+      ct->size = nargs++;
+    } while (cp_opt(cp, ','));
+  }
+  cp_check(cp, ')');
+  if (cp_opt(cp, '{')) {  /* Skip function definition. */
+    int level = 1;
+    cp->mode |= CPARSE_MODE_SKIP;
+    for (;;) {
+      if (cp->tok == '{') level++;
+      else if (cp->tok == '}' && --level == 0) break;
+      else if (cp->tok == CTOK_EOF) cp_err_token(cp, '}');
+      cp_next(cp);
+    }
+    cp->mode &= ~CPARSE_MODE_SKIP;
+    cp->tok = ';';  /* Ok for cp_decl_multi(), error in cp_decl_single(). */
+  }
+  info |= (fdecl->fattr & ~CTMASK_CID);
+  fdecl->fattr = 0;
+  fdecl->stack[cp_add(fdecl, info, nargs)].sib = anchor;
+}
+
+/* Parse declarator. */
+static void cp_declarator(CPState *cp, CPDecl *decl)
+{
+  if (++cp->depth > CPARSE_MAX_DECLDEPTH) cp_err(cp, LJ_ERR_XLEVELS);
+
+  for (;;) {  /* Head of declarator. */
+    if (cp_opt(cp, '*')) {  /* Pointer. */
+      CTSize sz;
+      CTInfo info;
+      cp_decl_attributes(cp, decl);
+      sz = CTSIZE_PTR;
+      info = CTINFO(CT_PTR, CTALIGN_PTR);
+#if LJ_64
+      if (ctype_msizeP(decl->attr) == 4) {
+	sz = 4;
+	info = CTINFO(CT_PTR, CTALIGN(2));
+      }
+#endif
+      info += (decl->attr & (CTF_QUAL|CTF_REF));
+      decl->attr &= ~(CTF_QUAL|(CTMASK_MSIZEP<<CTSHIFT_MSIZEP));
+      cp_push(decl, info, sz);
+    } else if (cp_opt(cp, '&') || cp_opt(cp, CTOK_ANDAND)) {  /* Reference. */
+      decl->attr &= ~(CTF_QUAL|(CTMASK_MSIZEP<<CTSHIFT_MSIZEP));
+      cp_push(decl, CTINFO_REF(0), CTSIZE_PTR);
+    } else {
+      break;
+    }
+  }
+
+  if (cp_opt(cp, '(')) {  /* Inner declarator. */
+    CPDeclIdx pos;
+    cp_decl_attributes(cp, decl);
+    /* Resolve ambiguity between inner declarator and 1st function parameter. */
+    if ((decl->mode & CPARSE_MODE_ABSTRACT) &&
+	(cp->tok == ')' || cp_istypedecl(cp))) goto func_decl;
+    pos = decl->pos;
+    cp_declarator(cp, decl);
+    cp_check(cp, ')');
+    decl->pos = pos;
+  } else if (cp->tok == CTOK_IDENT) {  /* Direct declarator. */
+    if (!(decl->mode & CPARSE_MODE_DIRECT)) cp_err_token(cp, CTOK_EOF);
+    decl->name = cp->str;
+    decl->nameid = cp->val.id;
+    cp_next(cp);
+  } else {  /* Abstract declarator. */
+    if (!(decl->mode & CPARSE_MODE_ABSTRACT)) cp_err_token(cp, CTOK_IDENT);
+  }
+
+  for (;;) {  /* Tail of declarator. */
+    if (cp_opt(cp, '[')) {  /* Array. */
+      cp_decl_array(cp, decl);
+    } else if (cp_opt(cp, '(')) {  /* Function. */
+    func_decl:
+      cp_decl_func(cp, decl);
+    } else {
+      break;
+    }
+  }
+
+  if ((decl->mode & CPARSE_MODE_FIELD) && cp_opt(cp, ':'))  /* Field width. */
+    decl->bits = cp_expr_ksize(cp);
+
+  /* Process postfix attributes. */
+  cp_decl_attributes(cp, decl);
+  cp_push_attributes(decl);
+
+  cp->depth--;
+}
+
+/* Parse an abstract type declaration and return it's C type ID. */
+static CTypeID cp_decl_abstract(CPState *cp)
+{
+  CPDecl decl;
+  cp_decl_spec(cp, &decl, 0);
+  decl.mode = CPARSE_MODE_ABSTRACT;
+  cp_declarator(cp, &decl);
+  return cp_decl_intern(cp, &decl);
+}
+
+/* Handle pragmas. */
+static void cp_pragma(CPState *cp, BCLine pragmaline)
+{
+  cp_next(cp);
+  if (cp->tok == CTOK_IDENT && cp_str_is(cp->str, "pack"))  {
+    cp_next(cp);
+    cp_check(cp, '(');
+    if (cp->tok == CTOK_IDENT) {
+      if (cp_str_is(cp->str, "push")) {
+	if (cp->curpack < CPARSE_MAX_PACKSTACK) {
+	  cp->packstack[cp->curpack+1] = cp->packstack[cp->curpack];
+	  cp->curpack++;
+	}
+      } else if (cp_str_is(cp->str, "pop")) {
+	if (cp->curpack > 0) cp->curpack--;
+      } else {
+	cp_errmsg(cp, cp->tok, LJ_ERR_XSYMBOL);
+      }
+      cp_next(cp);
+      if (!cp_opt(cp, ',')) goto end_pack;
+    }
+    if (cp->tok == CTOK_INTEGER) {
+      cp->packstack[cp->curpack] = cp->val.u32 ? lj_fls(cp->val.u32) : 0;
+      cp_next(cp);
+    } else {
+      cp->packstack[cp->curpack] = 255;
+    }
+  end_pack:
+    cp_check(cp, ')');
+  } else {  /* Ignore all other pragmas. */
+    while (cp->tok != CTOK_EOF && cp->linenumber == pragmaline)
+      cp_next(cp);
+  }
+}
+
+/* Handle line number. */
+static void cp_line(CPState *cp, BCLine hashline)
+{
+  BCLine newline = cp->val.u32;
+  /* TODO: Handle file name and include it in error messages. */
+  while (cp->tok != CTOK_EOF && cp->linenumber == hashline)
+    cp_next(cp);
+  cp->linenumber = newline;
+}
+
+/* Parse multiple C declarations of types or extern identifiers. */
+static void cp_decl_multi(CPState *cp)
+{
+  int first = 1;
+  while (cp->tok != CTOK_EOF) {
+    CPDecl decl;
+    CPscl scl;
+    if (cp_opt(cp, ';')) {  /* Skip empty statements. */
+      first = 0;
+      continue;
+    }
+    if (cp->tok == '#') {  /* Workaround, since we have no preprocessor, yet. */
+      BCLine hashline = cp->linenumber;
+      CPToken tok = cp_next(cp);
+      if (tok == CTOK_INTEGER) {
+	cp_line(cp, hashline);
+	continue;
+      } else if (tok == CTOK_IDENT && cp_str_is(cp->str, "line")) {
+	if (cp_next(cp) != CTOK_INTEGER) cp_err_token(cp, tok);
+	cp_line(cp, hashline);
+	continue;
+      } else if (tok == CTOK_IDENT && cp_str_is(cp->str, "pragma")) {
+	cp_pragma(cp, hashline);
+	continue;
+      } else {
+	cp_errmsg(cp, cp->tok, LJ_ERR_XSYMBOL);
+      }
+    }
+    scl = cp_decl_spec(cp, &decl, CDF_TYPEDEF|CDF_EXTERN|CDF_STATIC);
+    if ((cp->tok == ';' || cp->tok == CTOK_EOF) &&
+	ctype_istypedef(decl.stack[0].info)) {
+      CTInfo info = ctype_rawchild(cp->cts, &decl.stack[0])->info;
+      if (ctype_isstruct(info) || ctype_isenum(info))
+	goto decl_end;  /* Accept empty declaration of struct/union/enum. */
+    }
+    for (;;) {
+      CTypeID ctypeid;
+      cp_declarator(cp, &decl);
+      ctypeid = cp_decl_intern(cp, &decl);
+      if (decl.name && !decl.nameid) {  /* NYI: redeclarations are ignored. */
+	CType *ct;
+	CTypeID id;
+	if ((scl & CDF_TYPEDEF)) {  /* Create new typedef. */
+	  id = lj_ctype_new(cp->cts, &ct);
+	  ct->info = CTINFO(CT_TYPEDEF, ctypeid);
+	  goto noredir;
+	} else if (ctype_isfunc(ctype_get(cp->cts, ctypeid)->info)) {
+	  /* Treat both static and extern function declarations as extern. */
+	  ct = ctype_get(cp->cts, ctypeid);
+	  /* We always get new anonymous functions (typedefs are copied). */
+	  lj_assertCP(gcref(ct->name) == NULL, "unexpected named function");
+	  id = ctypeid;  /* Just name it. */
+	} else if ((scl & CDF_STATIC)) {  /* Accept static constants. */
+	  id = cp_decl_constinit(cp, &ct, ctypeid);
+	  goto noredir;
+	} else {  /* External references have extern or no storage class. */
+	  id = lj_ctype_new(cp->cts, &ct);
+	  ct->info = CTINFO(CT_EXTERN, ctypeid);
+	}
+	if (decl.redir) {  /* Add attribute for redirected symbol name. */
+	  CType *cta;
+	  CTypeID aid = lj_ctype_new(cp->cts, &cta);
+	  ct = ctype_get(cp->cts, id);  /* Table may have been reallocated. */
+	  cta->info = CTINFO(CT_ATTRIB, CTATTRIB(CTA_REDIR));
+	  cta->sib = ct->sib;
+	  ct->sib = aid;
+	  ctype_setname(cta, decl.redir);
+	}
+      noredir:
+	ctype_setname(ct, decl.name);
+	lj_ctype_addname(cp->cts, ct, id);
+      }
+      if (!cp_opt(cp, ',')) break;
+      cp_decl_reset(&decl);
+    }
+  decl_end:
+    if (cp->tok == CTOK_EOF && first) break;  /* May omit ';' for 1 decl. */
+    first = 0;
+    cp_check(cp, ';');
+  }
+}
+
+/* Parse a single C type declaration. */
+static void cp_decl_single(CPState *cp)
+{
+  CPDecl decl;
+  cp_decl_spec(cp, &decl, 0);
+  cp_declarator(cp, &decl);
+  cp->val.id = cp_decl_intern(cp, &decl);
+  if (cp->tok != CTOK_EOF) cp_err_token(cp, CTOK_EOF);
+}
+
+/* ------------------------------------------------------------------------ */
+
+/* Protected callback for C parser. */
+static TValue *cpcparser(lua_State *L, lua_CFunction dummy, void *ud)
+{
+  CPState *cp = (CPState *)ud;
+  UNUSED(dummy);
+  cframe_errfunc(L->cframe) = -1;  /* Inherit error function. */
+  cp_init(cp);
+  if ((cp->mode & CPARSE_MODE_MULTI))
+    cp_decl_multi(cp);
+  else
+    cp_decl_single(cp);
+  if (cp->param && cp->param != cp->L->top)
+    cp_err(cp, LJ_ERR_FFI_NUMPARAM);
+  lj_assertCP(cp->depth == 0, "unbalanced cparser declaration depth");
+  return NULL;
+}
+
+/* C parser. */
+int lj_cparse(CPState *cp)
+{
+  LJ_CTYPE_SAVE(cp->cts);
+  int errcode = lj_vm_cpcall(cp->L, NULL, cp, cpcparser);
+  if (errcode)
+    LJ_CTYPE_RESTORE(cp->cts);
+  cp_cleanup(cp);
+  return errcode;
+}
+
+#endif