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-<div class="sect1">
-<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both">
-<a name="bindings-streams"></a>Streams and File I/O</h2></div></div></div>
-<p>
- Various places in the cairo API deal with reading and writing
- data, whether from and to files, or to other sources and
- destinations. In these cases, what is typically provided in the
- C API is a simple version that just takes a filename, and a
- complex version that takes a callback function.
- An example is the PNG handling functions:
- </p>
-<pre class="programlisting">
-cairo_surface_t *
-cairo_image_surface_create_from_png (const char *filename);
-
-cairo_surface_t *
-cairo_image_surface_create_from_png_stream (cairo_read_func_t read_func,
- void *closure);
-
-cairo_status_t
-cairo_surface_write_to_png (cairo_surface_t *surface,
- const char *filename);
-
-cairo_status_t
-cairo_surface_write_to_png_stream (cairo_surface_t *surface,
- cairo_write_func_t write_func,
- void *closure);</pre>
-<p>
- The expectation is that the filename version will be mapped
- literally in the language binding, but the callback version
- will be mapped to a version that takes a language stream
- object. For example, in Java, the four functions above
- might be mapped to:
- </p>
-<pre class="programlisting">
-static public ImageSurface createFromPNG (String filename) throws IOException;
-static public ImageSurface createFromPNG (InputStream stream) throws IOException;
-public void writeToPNG (String filename) throws IOException;
-public void writeToPNG (OutputStream stream) throws IOException;
-</pre>
-<p>
- In many cases, it will be better to
- implement the filename version internally
- using the stream version, rather than building it on top of the
- filename version in C. The reason for this is that will
- naturally give a more standard handling of file errors for
- the language, as seen in the above Java example, where
- <code class="methodname">createFromPNG()</code> is marked as raising
- an exception. Propagating exceptions from inside the callback
- function to the caller will pose a challenge to the language
- binding implementor, since an exception must not propagate
- through the Cairo code. A technique that will be useful in
- some cases is to catch the exception in the callback,
- store the exception object inside a structure pointed to by
- <em class="parameter"><code>closure</code></em>, and then rethrow it once
- the function returns.
- </p>
-<p class="remark"><em><span class="remark">
- I'm not sure how to handle this for
- <a class="link" href="cairo-PDF-Surfaces.html#cairo-pdf-surface-create-for-stream" title="cairo_pdf_surface_create_for_stream ()"><code class="function">cairo_pdf_surface_create_for_stream()</code></a>.
- Other than keep a “exception to rethrow” thread-specific
- variable
- that is checked after <span class="emphasis"><em>every</em></span> call to a Cairo
- function.
- </span></em></p>
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